上师大附中 费炯冰

　　拿一张英语高考卷来讲，让学生觉得最没有把握的就是综合填空，也叫完形填空，我更喜欢把它称之为综合填空，因为它是对学生语言知识和阅读能力的综合测试。综合填空文章的难度和其题目的设置紧密相关，我们不妨以考核目的将高考中综合填空20个题目分成三类，与之对应的解题方法也有以下这三种——

　　一、上下文推敲

　　这类题目主要是对学生语言理解能力的考核，也是我们上海考卷中最多见的一类考题。根据上文所提到的内容来推测下文可能发生的结果，这是高三学生已经掌握了的做题方法，而学生容易忽略的技巧是从下往上的倒推，这就是为什么我们要求学生来回看文章的道理，很多信息在后面被告知，据此来完成前面的填空。同时，对文章整体结构的理解，比方是总分的还是分总的，或总分总的结构，也有利于提高推敲的正确性。下面我们以文章为例来理解“下上文”推敲和分析文章结构的意义。

　　1.In this chapter you canfind details about more than a hundred different jobs.You are told what qualifications you need,the personal ___1___employers may expect___2____you,the duties you will have in the job,___3___,what is good and what is not so good about the job. Don’t just look at one description, look at any descrip-tion you think will interest you.Computer operator

　　2.Qualifications You will need good__4___from school in several subjects including maths and English.Most employers will test your ca-pability.___5__is on the job or you may need to go to college for further qualifications.

　　3.Qualities ____6___solving problems;think clearly;like machines;work well in a tem;not___7___routines;have imagination and be very accurate.

　　4.Duties Prepare jobs；run jobs on the computer；solve problems and correct errors；keep careful______8______of work done.

　　5.For You work in a very____9__indus-try；;you are well paid；there is lots of opportu-nities in the industry；there are lots of new ma-chines,and new jobs for computers.

　　6.___10__You may work in rooms win-dows；computer rooms can be noisy;you have to concentrate；you may work irregular hours as big computers run 24 hours a day.

　　1.A. requirements B. qualifications C. problems;D.qualities

　　2.A.on B.of C.about D.to

　　3.A.and yet B.and finally C.in any case D.on the whole

　　4.A.points B.skills C.results D.rec-ommendations

　　5.A.Education B.Training C.Teaching D.Operating

　　6.A.Include B.Expect C.Enjoy D.Participate

　　7.A.mind B.care C.prohibit D.regret

　　8.A.records B.history C.mind D.trace

　　9.A.boring B.exciting C.dull D.un-known

　　10.A.Notice B.On C.Opposite D.A-gainst

　　综观全文，文章结构为总分式。第1段为总写，第2﹑3﹑4﹑5和第6段为分点表述。因此2﹑3﹑4﹑5和6段段首黑体字也就是第1段所讲的内容，所以答案就很显然，第一空格的qualities也就是第3段段首字；而第5段段首字for就对应了第1段的whatisgood;类推得出whatisnotsogood对应了第6段段首字，因此答案为for的反义词against。另外我们还发现for和against是最后两点，因此推出第1段第3空格为B选项andfinally与之对应。所以我们在阅读文章时，不仅要把握细节部分，也需要把握文章的框架结构。

　　二﹑词义辨析和词语搭配

　　这类考题旨在考核学生对近义词的理解和对词汇的运用。记忆单个词汇不仅容易忘记，而且没有实际的用途。如果把单词放回句中或词组中记忆，我们称之为理解记忆，效果就会好很多，而且我们对学生词汇的考核都是对其用法和拼写的共同考核。其实，在某些题型中，对词汇用法的考核更多，综合填空就是一例。下面我们以题目为例：

　　A young person,especially a female,has all the favor given by God.Any ___5___to make up would be self-defeating.Youth,howev-er,come and goes in a momen to fnap.Packag-ing for the middle-aged is primarily to___6___the winkles caused by time.If you still enjoy life’s richness enough to maintain self-confi-dence and pursue pioneering work,you are u-nique in your natural qualities,and your charm and grace will ___7___.Elderly people are beautiful if their river of life has been,through plains,mountains and jungles,running its course as it should.You have really lived your life which now arrives at a proud stage of serenity indifferent to fame and wealth.There is no need to ___8___to hair-coloring,the snow-capped mountain is itself a beautiful scene of fairyland.

　　5.A.attempt B.attention C.temptation D.action

　　6.A.hide B.relieve C.remove D.conceal

　　7.A.maintain B.leave C.remain D.preserve

　　8.A.takeB.turn C.ask D.stick

　　第5、6和7题都为同义词辨析。第5题选attempt，在这里的意思是尝试。而第6题的难点在于辨析conceal和hide，hide一般指的是把某人或具体某事物隐藏起来或情感的不外露，而把抽象的东西像信息、秘密和这里的“皱纹”隐藏起来不被人知就用conceal。第7题选remain，是因为remain表示“依然具有，没有褪去”的意思。而第8题考的是词语搭配，turn to意为求助于。

　　三﹑语法分析

　　通过语法分析解决的问题应该是比较简单的，只是学生在做综合填空时只注重理解文章的意思而忽视了语法的正确性。如果以后能注重这方面的思考，应该有很大的突破。下面我们来举例：

　　Butterflies fly about in the sunshine,going from flower to flower,happy all day long,___6___life of pleasure.They are beautiful,but it seems that they are not of much ___7____use to anybody.Some human beings lead very much the same sort of life ___8___they are butterflies of society.

　　Locusts are different.They are active e-nough,too active.They spend their time eating the food of others.Unfortunately,there are men like this,destroying things wherever they go,taking for themselves___9____belongs to oth-ers,using up everything and producing nothing.They are human locusts.

　　6.A.lead B.led C.tolead D.leading

　　7.A.real B.true C.proper D.right

　　8.A.but B.and C.or D.though

　　9.A.whatB.which C.that D.as

　　这里第6、8、9题都可以通过语法分析来解决。第6题是非谓语填空，与going并列，因此选leading,作伴随状语。第9题是宾语从句缺主语，所以补上what，这些都是一目了然的题目。而像第8题这样的题目，需要分析前一分句和后一分句之间的关系，转折关系的选but或though,选择关系的选or,而这里是并列关系所以选and。会思考才会有进步，会总结才会有收获。我们在做了一定量的题目以后，应该分析自己的问题所在，是在语言知识上还是在阅读能力上。

　　综合填空可以说是最难的一项考题，旨在测试学生的语言知识，阅读能力和总体语言水平，真正体现了“综合”两字。因此，综合填空的提高一定会带动前面语法词汇和后面阅读理解的提高，反之亦然。用自信的态度去面对，用正确的方法去解决，那么你就不会有解题前的恐惧，取而代之的是解题后的兴奋。

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