郭庆民阅读理解第二部分题型1分析及题解示例
备选题型一（Sample One）
一、解题思路概述
2006年考题阅读理解部分Part B采用了备选题型一，即从七个选择项中择取五个作为正确答案的题型。考生反映该部分难度较大，这并不奇怪，因为一是作为2005年考试才新增的题型，许多考生对它不熟悉；二是该部分不仅需要考生理解文章和句子的意思，还要求找出各段落之间的逻辑关系。因此，应试该部分时，除了正确理解原文内容外，更重要的是增强在语篇水平上把握文章的能力。
建议考生按照以下思路练习该部分以下谈到的技能有些也适用于应试备选题型二和三。：
1．把握各段中心议题，首先根据上下文意思的衔接基本选定一个答案，即：每读完文章中一段剩余文字，就对之稍加总结并问自己：这个地方主要谈的是哪方面的话题。
2．重点考察紧邻空白处的前后两个句子，根据其主干成分确定它们所谈的主要内容。
3．重视连接词的作用，其中特别是表示转折、对比、举例、因果等关系的连接词或词组，尤其是当连接词出现在空白处之后或出现在选择项中的时候，更是提供了比较可靠的答题线索。
4．代词与名词或名词短语之间的衔接关系很常见，还有代替其他成分的副词等。因此这些都是重点考察的对象，如：it, they, this, these, such, some, another, there, then等等。
5．重点考察名词或名词词组与上下文的衔接关系，特别是带有定冠词的名词或名词词组，对名词的考察主要包括：同一个词或词组的重复使用，同义词或反义词的使用，不同词性的词之间的照应（如名词与动词）；其次是动词，尤其是句子主干上作为谓语的动词。
6．句子结构的并列（三个以上的并列结构句子被称做排比句）有时也成为实现句子衔接的手段，特别是在议论文中经常见到。
7．其他如数字、时间、人名、地名、空间次序等都可能提供重大线索。
8．每做完一个题，务必要在选择项上标示出题号。
以下精选10篇文章供大家练习掌握上述各种线索，其中个别文章可能有点儿难度。在设计空白时，作者考虑到了这类考题可能留空白的所有的位置，供大家开展多方面的练习。
“题解”部分从上述诸多线索入手，分别从上下文的内容和语词衔接关系上进行分析，目的是希望考生也学会从这些方面来入手解题。
二、模拟试题
Part B
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1~5, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Throughout history and through a crosssection of cultures, women have transformed their appearance to conform to a beauty ideal. American and European women in the 1800s cinched in their waists so tightly, some suffered internal damage. The North American ideal of beauty has continually focused on womens bodies: the tiny waist of the Victorian period, and the voluptuous curves that were the measure of beauty between the 1930s and 1950s. 1)_______.
However, this relentless pursuit of thinness is not just an example of women trying to look their best, it is also a struggle for control, acceptance and success.
2)_______.
One of the negative psychological side effects associated with eating disorders is the patients distortion of their own body image, body image being defined as the picture a person has in his mind of his own body, that is, the way his body appears to him. Many women who are caught up in the relentless pursuit of thinness also experience some degree of disturbed body image. 3)_______.
4)_______. Women with perfectly normal bodies see themselves as being heavy; so that the definition of “normal” becomes inaccurate and this perceived normalcy is represented by a very small percentage of women. It follows that if body image is so closely linked to selfimage, it is important for women to learn to feel comfortable with the body they live in, despite any “imperfections”.
5)_______. Advertising is a major vehicle for presenting images and forming attitudes. The majority of ads incorporate young, beautiful, slender models to present their products and services. While individual ads may not be seen as a big issue, it is the cumulative, unconscious impact that has an effect on attitudes toward women, and in womens attitudes toward themselves. As women are consistently exposed to these feminine forms through both print and television, it becomes difficult to distinguish what is normal, and even more difficult not to compare themselves to this form.
［A］The experiences and practices of women who “simply diet” are not radically different from those who are diagnosed with eating disorders. For some women, achieving the “perfect” body form becomes the most important goal in life.
［B］Current standards emphasize a toned, slender look， one that exudes fitness, youth, and health. According to psychologist Eva Szekely, “Having to be attractive at this time … means unequivocally having to be thin. In North America today, thinness is a precondition for being perceived by others and oneself as healthy”.
［C］The images that are presented in advertising are designed to create an illusion, a fantasy ideal that will keep women continually consuming. Advertisers are well aware of the insecurities that most women feel about their own bodies.
［D］So why is it that during this process of development so many women become dissatisfied, selfcritical, and judgemental about their own bodies? One of the reasons may have to do with the media and various forms of advertising. Ads sell more than just products; they present an idea of normalcy, who we are and who we should be.
［E］ While women continue to struggle for equality on an economic scale and within their relationships, they still maintain control over their own bodies. It is important that women begin to accept themselves for who they are, regardless of their body type, and to feel comfortable with the body they live in.
［F］ In attempting to mould their appearance to meet the current ideal, numerous women are literally starving themselves to death. The incidence of eating disorders has doubled during the last two decades. This increase is no longer limited to women in their teens and twenties, but is increasingly diagnosed in patients in their thirties and forties.
［G］ Feelings about body are closely related to a womans sense of self; the body is perceived as acceptable or unacceptable, providing a foundation for selfconcept. It is alarming, then, that almost 80% of women think theyre overweight. Body image has very little to do with the way a person actually looks; many women who appear to fit the ideal body type are actually dissatisfied with their appearance.
三、模拟试题题解与译文
【题解】
1.［B］
上下文内容的衔接：上文简述了欧美人对美丽形象认识的历史发展过程，选择项［B］提到目前的美丽标准是什么，在时间上承接上文内容。
与上文的语词衔接：current standards—between the 1930s and 1950s破折号前为出现于选择项中的词语，破折号后为出现于文章中的词语。以下同。, emphasize—focused on, slender—tiny waist/curves
与下文的语词衔接：thinness—thinness, having to be attractive—trying to look their best
2.［F］
上下文内容的衔接：选择项［F］中第一句谈妇女如何极力想满足目前理想的美丽标准，承接上一小段提到的内容。选择项［F］总体谈瘦身带来的负面影响（饮食失调）。下一段第一句接着谈对身体的负面影响（饮食失调）同女人对自己身体的看法的关系。
与上文的语词衔接：attempting—trying, the current ideal—pursuit of thinness
与下文的语词衔接：eating disorders—eating disorders, patients—patient
3.［A］
上下文内容的衔接：上文谈到这些追求瘦身的女人有何经历，选择项［A］承接上文继续谈这些经历如何如何。
与上文的语词衔接：experiences—experience, diet—eating, eating disorders—eating disorders
4.［G］
上下文内容的衔接：本段谈女人对身体的感受与她们对自己身体的看法的关系，选择项［G］也是如此。尤其是在选择项中最后一句，作者提到“许多看上去符合理想身材的女人实际上对自己的外表不满意”。而下文也提到“身材完全正常的女人认为自己太重”等，说明身材正常的人如何仍然不满意自己的外表。
与下文的语词衔接：feelings about body—body image, selfconcept—selfimage, the ideal body type—perfectly normal bodies, appearance—see themselves as being heavy, are dissatisfied with—feel comfortable with
5.［D］
上下文内容的衔接：本段谈广告对女人如何看待自己身体的影响。
与上文的语词衔接：become dissatisfied—feel comfortable with
与下文的语词衔接：media and various forms of advertising/ads—advertising /ads/print and television, present…who we are and who we should be—presenting images and forming attitudes.
【其他二选择项译文】
［C］ 在广告中出现的形象旨在创造一种幻想，一种能促使女人不断消费的虚幻理想。做广告的人深知多数女人对自己的身体不自信。
［E］ 虽然女人继续为经济的平等和彼此间的平等关系而斗争，她们仍然保持着对自己身体的控制力。重要的是：不管其体型怎样，女人要学会接受自己的现状，对自己拥有的身体满意。
【短文译文】
在整个历史过程中，在不同文化社会中，女人改变自己的外表以适应某种理想中的美丽形象。19世纪的美国和欧洲女人紧束自己的腰部，有些人甚至因体内损伤而遭受痛苦。北美人对理想中美丽形象的追求此后继续侧重于女人的身体，例如，维多利亚女王时代的细腰形象，20世纪30年代~50年代衡量美丽标准的性感线条。［B］现在的标准是强调高雅的情调和纤细的外表，散发着健美、青春和健康的气息。心理学家Eva Szekely说：“当今时代要看上去有魅力……毫无疑义意味着不得不瘦身。在今天的北美，瘦身是被别人和自己看做是健美的前提。”
然而，对瘦身不懈的追求不仅仅说明女人极力想保持最佳外表，也意味着为增加控制能力、让人接受自己和取得成功而奋斗。
［F］在企图改变自身的外表使之适应目前理想的过程中，许多女人几乎饿死。饮食失调的发生率在过去20年中增长了一倍，这不仅限于十几、二十几岁的女孩，而且在三四十岁的病人身上也被越来越多地诊断出来。
与饮食失调相关的对心理的一个负面影响是病人扭曲了其身体形象：身体形象被定义为一个人心目中对自己身体的看法，即其身体在他看来的样子。陷于不懈追求瘦身的许多女人对自己身体形象的看法在某种程度上是不正常的。［A］那些“只是节食”的女人的经历和做法同那些被诊断为患饮食失调的女人没有什么根本差别。对某些女人来说，获得“完美”的体型成为最重要的生活目标。
［G］女人对身体的感觉同她的自我感觉紧密相关；无论身体被看做是可接受的或不可接受的，都会成为自我认识的基础。因此，令人震惊的是几乎80％的女人认为自己超重。身体形象同一个人实际外表几乎没有什么联系；许多看上去符合理想身材的女人实际上对自己的外表不满意。身体完全正常的女人认为自己太重，以至于“正常”这个词语失去了其确切含义，仅有很小比例的女人代表所谓的“正常”。由此推断，如果身体形象同自我形象如此紧密相关，女人学会接受自己现有的身材很重要，尽管它可能有“不完美之处”。
［D］那么，在形成这个看法的过程中，为什么如此多的女人对自己的身体不满意、过于挑剔、评头论足呢？其中一个原因可能同媒体和各种广告有关。广告不仅推销产品，它们代表对“正常状态”的一种看法，告诉人们她们目前是什么样的，而应该成为什么样的。广告是推销形象并使人形成态度的一个重要手段。在推销产品和服务时，绝大多数广告结合使用年轻、漂亮、苗条的模特儿。虽然个别广告的影响可以不被看做是什么了不起的事，但是其累加的无意识作用影响到对女人的态度，影响到女人看待自己的态度。随着女人不断大量接触这些文字或电视广告中的女性形象，她们很难分清什么是正常的，要想不让她们把自己同这些形象相比，甚至更困难。
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