新东方学校考研英语阅读名师

　　2009年考研在即，笔者想就阅读理解考试中应该注意的几点问题提几点建议。

　　第一、关于真题的有效利用。毋庸置疑，考研真题是极具参考价值的，通过对考研真题的有效把握，我们可以了解出题人的出题思路以及对生词难句的有效掌握。考研阅读理解的难点分为以下几点：一是词汇比较难，主要表现在考察词汇的另外含义；二是固定搭配比较多；三是长难句比较多，四是提干选项具有很强的迷惑性。对于考研真题，笔者认为进行精读是十分有必要的，就是对于文章的每一个单词每一个句子都要求理解得很清楚，包括选项的意思。这种方法通常被称作“点对点翻译”。通过这一过程的艰苦“训练”，可以对相应考点进行有效了解的同时，进行归类总结，阅读理解存在考试用词频繁重复的可能性，所以对文章进行有效的精度能够增加考生对句子和单词的有效识别，以及对常难句的有效解析。

　　第二，如何有效利用真题，提炼规律性考点。下面以2007年考研阅读理解第一篇文章为例：

　　考生首先要作出对于全文分段有效的标注，明确难点和常考点。所谓难点就是自己不太熟悉的知识点；而所谓的常考点是指反复出现的并且是出题人反复考察的知识点。

　　If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.

　　【翻译】如果你打算调查一下2006年世界杯足球锦标赛所有足球队员的出生证明，那么你将很有可能发现一个令人值得关注的怪现象：优秀足球运动员更有可能出生于每年的前几个月而不是后几个月。如果你接着调查一下为世界杯和各大职业联赛输送球员的欧洲各个国家青年队，你会发现这一怪现象更为明显。

　　【考点】连带关系：即看到前者要想到后者，例如：

　　More---than---; less---than---; from---to---; between---and---; neither---nor---; either---or---等

　　What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d)none of the above.

　　【翻译】是什么原因导致这种怪现象呢?下面是一些猜测：

　　a)某些占星迹象(星座)赋予人很高的足球技能；(比如举例说明：罗纳尔蒂尼奥1980年3月21；梅西1987年6月24；卡卡1982年4月22；C罗纳尔多1985年2月5；贝克汉姆1975年5月2；)

　　b)冬季出生的孩子往往/通常有较高的氧容量，这增加了踢足球时的耐力；

　　c)热爱足球的父母在春季(每年足球狂人的鼎盛时期)怀孕；

　　d)上述说法都不对。

　　【考点】tend to往往做某事；account for占；导致；winter-born；soccer-mad;为复合性词，多为形容词，需要学会积累。Be more likely to do很有可能---；be less likely to do不大可能做某事；

　　Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in "none of the above." (这只能说明两点，要么作者同意要么反对)Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. "With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20," Ericsson recalls. "He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers." (说明不断训练重要)

　　【翻译】佛罗里达州立大学58岁的心理学教授Anders Ericsson(安德斯-埃里克森)说，他坚信“以上说法都不对”这一猜测。在瑞典长大的AE早期从事的是核工程学研究，直到后来他认识到如果转向心理学领域，他会有更多机会从事自己的专门研究。他的首次试验大约是在30多年以前，是有关记忆的实验：训练一个人先听一组随机数字，然后再重复该组数字。“在经过大约20个小时训练之后，第一个实验对象的数字跨度开始从7升到20，”AE回忆道，“该实验对象不断进步，在接受大约200个小时的训练之后，他可以重复的数字数目达到80多个。”

　　【考点】插入语：在主语和谓语之间用两个逗号或者两个破折号引起的成分，下面这个句子中的插入与其解释说明的作用。

　　Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in "none of the above."

　　This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person "encodes" the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.

　　【翻译】这一试验的成功连同随后的实验表明了记忆本身并不是由遗传决定的，这使得AE得出结论，即记忆过程是一种认知练习而不是一种直觉(本能)能力。

　　换句话说，无论两个人天生的记忆力存在怎样的差异，这些差异都会被个人如何恰当地“解读”记忆信息所消除。因此AE确信了解如何有目的地解读信息的最佳方法就是众所周知的刻意练习过程。刻意练习需要的不仅仅是简单地重复一项任务。相反，它包括设立明确目标，获得即时反馈以及技术和结果相结合等。

　　【考点】show that=reveal/illustrate/demonstrate/indicates that表明；

　　Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers-whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming-are nearly always made, not born.

　　【翻译】因此，AE和他的同事已经开始研究包括足球领域在内的各种领域中的专业人士。他们收集了一切可能得到的资料，不仅包括统计数据和传记详细资料，还包括他们对成功人士进行的实验室试验结果。他们的研究得出了一个令人惊讶的结论：我们通常称为天分的品质被高估了。或者换句话说，专业人士——无论是在记忆，还是在外科(手术)，在芭蕾还是在计算机编程领域——几乎都是后天培养的而不是天生就有的。

　　21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to

　　［A］stress the importance of professional training.没有提到

　　［B］spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.没有提到球星

　　［C］introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.开头为中心而服务，而选择C

　　［D］explain why some soccer teams play better than others.不是球队作比较，而是人作比较

　　【翻译】文中所提到的足球运动员中的出生现象目的是 ？

　　［A］强调专业训练的重要性

　　［B］聚焦世界杯球星

　　［C］介绍“引起专业表现的因素”这一话题

　　［D］解释为什么一些足球队比其他足球队表现好

　　22. The word "mania" (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means

　　［A］fun.

　　［B］craze.狂热

　　［C］hysteria. 歇斯底里的，不正常的兴奋

　　［D］excitement.

　　【翻译】“mania”(第2段第6行)最有可能的意思是 ？

　　［A］乐趣(activities that are enjoyable or amusing)

　　［B］狂热(an interest followed with exaggerated zeal热情)

　　［C］歇斯底里(state of violent mental agitation兴奋)不太正常

　　［D］兴奋(the feeling of lively and cheerful joy)

　　23. According to Ericsson, good memory

　　［A］depends on meaningful processing of information.

　　［B］results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.答案本身错

　　［C］is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.答案本身错

　　［D］requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.提到了。

　　【翻译】在AE看来，好的记忆 ？

　　［A］取决于对信息的有意义的处理

　　［B］取决于直觉能力而不是认知练习

　　［C］由基因而不是心理因素决定

　　［D］要求即时反馈和注意力高度集中

　　24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that找believe的同意词，第五段

　　［A］talent is a dominating factor for professional success.

　　［B］biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.

　　［C］the role of talent tends to be overlooked.倾向于，有助于

　　［D］high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.

　　【翻译】AE和他的同事相信 ？

　　［A］天生的才能是职业成功的一项主要因素

　　［B］传记数据提供了优秀表现的关键解释

　　［C］天生才能的角色通常被忽略

　　［D］成功人士把自己成功大多数归功于后天努力

　　25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?

　　［A］ "Faith will move mountains." 排出

　　［B］ "One reaps what one sows."

　　［C］ "Practice makes perfect."

　　［D］ "Like father, like son." 排出

　　【翻译】下面那一句谚语于文章所传递的信息最接近？

　　［A］精诚所至，金石为开。

　　［B］种瓜得瓜

　　［C］熟能生巧

　　［D］有其父必有其

　　第三、注意标点符号的使用：标点符号的有效使用在阅读和作题的过程中会起一定的作用。

　　冒号：句子特点前面话较少，后面话较多，起解释说明的作用。例如：If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.

　　单破折号：句子特点前面话较多，后面话较少，起高度概括的作用。例如：A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor.

　　双破折号：相当于两个逗号，起插入语作用。例如：And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure—including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on—were built with foreign investment.

　　引号：起强调或者反语作用。例如：In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person "encodes" the information.

　　小括号：起解释说明作用。例如：most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates(patterns) into which they plug each day’s events.

　　第四、通过分析完真题，考生还需要用一只彩色笔对原文考点出做有效的标记。例如，第23题目定位在文章第四段的二、三句话；第24题定位在文章最后一段的最后一句话。根据有效的定位用彩色笔作出有效标记，然后对相似题型进行有效分析，通过归类总结阅读规律和技巧。我们就会发现出题人思路大多采取的是同一替换的原则。例如：第24题：or, put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always mad, not born对应答案high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.

　　第五、做好有效的朗读和积累写作用词工作。阅读理解不光是用来做的，还需要来读，通过多读文章可以加强对文章结构的了解和句子的有效把握。另外，阅读理解中有很多好地用词可以用在写作过程中，这对于相要写好作文的同学可以提供借鉴意义。最后，衷心祝愿每一位考生都能够梦想成真！