丁雪明

　　世界上顶尖级的建筑师杰作体现的载体是我们看得见，摸得着的一砖一瓦;同样，我们备考考研英语则要掌握必要的词汇！100分的考研英语试卷对我们的词汇要求是很高的，所以我们在这个冬季去一起感知其基础词汇的魅力！

　　一、阅读中常见的基础词汇

　　工作生活类文章

　　Passage 1

　　工作生活类议论文。主要阐述了注重细节、做好小事，对最后的成功的重要性。

　　Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come across his desk every day. “It’s amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves,” he says。

　　“Resumes (简历) arrive with stains. Some candidates don’t bother to spell the company’s name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate, “Crossley concludes。” If they cannot take care of these details, why should we trust them with a job?”

　　Can we pay too much attention to details? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “To keep from losing the forest for the trees,” says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, “we must constantly ask ourselves how the details we are working on fit into the larger picture. If they don’t, we should drop them and move to something else。”

　　Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time,” says Garfield. “But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary。” Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every take we undertake。

　　Too often we believe what accounts for others’ success is some special secret or a lucky break (机遇). But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow。

　　核心词汇

　　1.       candidate n. 候选人

　　【搭配】 a candidate for ……的候选人

　　2.       eliminate v. 消灭，去除

　　【巧记】 eliminator n. 排除者

　　【搭配】 eliminate…from…把……从……中排除出

　　3.       strain n. 压力

　　4.       struggle vi. 挣扎，努力，奋斗n. 挣扎，战斗，斗争

　　【搭配】 struggle against (with) 和……斗争‖struggle for 为……而斗争

　　5.       compare v. 比较

　　【巧记】 comparison n. 比较，对照

　　【搭配】 beyond comparison 无比的‖by comparison 比较起来

　　6.       process n. 过程

　　【搭配】 in process 在进行中‖in (the) process of 在……过程中

　　7.       coordinate a. 同等的，并列的v. (使)成为同等，使协调

　　8.       adjustment n. 调节

　　【搭配】 adjust to 使调整

　　9.       secret n. 秘密

　　【搭配】 in secret 秘密地

　　10.    reward n. 回报

　　【巧记】 rewarding a. 报答的，有得益的‖rewardless a. 徒弟的

　　核心词组

　　take care of 照顾               pay attention to 对……给予注意

　　at the cost of 以……为代价      keep form doing sth. 远离……，不做……

　　make adjustment (s) 作调整      account for 说明，解释

　　(总字数：288；单词：255；中文：33)

　　Passage 2

　　工作生活类议论文。主题是成为一个真正的作家的艰辛与不易。

　　Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that there’s big difference between “being a writer” and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. “You’ve got to want to write,” I say to them, “not want to be a writer。”

　　The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U. S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer (自由撰稿者)， I had no prospects at all. What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn’t even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual typewriter and felt like a genuine writer。

　　After a year or so, however, I still hadn’t gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasn’t going to be one of those people who die wondering. What if? I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there。

　　核心词汇

　　1.        individual n. 个人，个体a. 个人的，个体的

　　【巧记】 individuality n. 个性

　　2.        fame n. 名声，名气

　　【巧记】 famous a. 著名的

　　3.        reality n. 现实

　　4.        lonely a. 孤独的

　　【巧记】 alone a. 独自的，单独的

　　5.        kiss vt. 吻…… n. 吻

　　6.        prospect n. 前景，前途，视野

　　【巧记】 perspective n. 眼力，远景，前景

　　7.        manual a. 手动的，体力的n. 手册，指南

　　8.        genuine a. 真正的

　　9.        barely ad. 几乎不

　　10.    wonder v. 纳闷，不知道n. 奇迹

　　11.    uncertainty n. 不确定性

　　12.    failure n. 失败

　　核心词组

　　many a… 一个又一人……            dream of 梦想到……

　　feel like 想，感觉好像……            keep doing sth. 一直在做……

　　(总字数：360；单词：308；中文：52)

　　Passage 3

　　工作生活类议论文。文章阐述了公司如果想在世界市场上具有竞争力，多样化是必要的。

　　It’s very interesting to note where the debate about diversity (多样化) is taking place. It is taking place primarily in political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate (公司的) leaders; none of them is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity. In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative. They also say that the need for talented, skilled Americans means we have to expend the pool of potential employees. And in looking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, corporate America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities, more women and more immigrants. Corporate leaders know that if that doesn’t occur in our society, they will not have the engineers, the scientists, the lawyers, or the business managers they will need。

　　Likewise, I don’t hear people in the academy saying, “Let’s go backward. Let’s go back to the good old days, when we had a meritocracy (不拘一格降人才)” (witch was never true we never had a meritocracy, although we’ve come closer to it in the last 30 years。) I recently visited a great little college in New York where the campus has doubled its minority population in the last six years. I talked with an African American who has been a professor there for a long time, and she remembers that when she first joined the community, there were fewer than a handful of minorities on campus. Now, all of us feel the university is better because of the diversity. So where we hear this debate is primarily in political circles and in the media not in corporate board rooms or on collage campuses。

　　核心词汇

　　1.        debate n./v. 辨论，讨论

　　【巧记】 debatable a. 可议论的，可争辩的‖debater n. 议论者

　　2.        contact n. 接触，联系，交往vt. 与……联系，接触

　　【巧记】 contactless a. 失去联系

　　3.        imperative a. 必要的，重要的

　　4.        expand v. 扩大，展开，扩张

　　【巧记】 expansion n. 扩张‖expansive a. 扩张性的‖expanse n. 大片，大面积

　　5.        potential a. 潜在的，可能的n. 潜力

　　6.        promote vt. 提升，举办，促成，帮助实现

　　【巧记】 promoter n. 促进者‖promotion n. 升级，推广‖promotional a. 推销的，促进的

　　7.        minorities n. 少数民族

　　8.        immigrant n. (外来)移民，侨民a. 移来的，移民的

　　9.        academy n. (高等)院校，学会，协会

　　【巧记】 academic a. 学术的，学院的，学究的

　　10.    minority n. 少数；少数民族

　　11.    debate v./n. 辩论，争论

　　核心词组

　　have a lot of contact with 与……有联系      on campus 在(在学)校园里

　　(总字数：326；单词：294；中文：32)

　　科技类说明文

　　Passage 1

　　科技类说明文。Priscilla Ouclinda 的具有“能源效率”特点的房子结果变成了其一家生病的“罪魁祸首”。专家最后将其定家生病的原因归结到了室内甲醛气体严重超标。从中我们可以看到，正是Ouclinda 一家人在建造自己的房子时过多地考虑到节约能源，反而忽略了室内空气污染。他们的房子是密封的，同时安装有双层玻璃……这一切均不利用房屋换气通风。这个问题在当今美国社会里非常普遍，作者与过去在能源便宜时期房屋的建造状况相比，得出室内空气污染是一定要受重视的。

　　Priscilla Ouchida’s “energy-efficient” house turned out to be a horrible dream. When she and her engineer husband married a few years ago, they built a $100,000, three-bedroom home in California. Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks, the house was equipped with small double-paned (双层玻璃的) windows and several other energy-saving features. Problems began as soon as the couple moved in, however. Priscilla’s eyes burned. Her throat was constantly dry. She suffered from headaches and could hardly sleep. It was as though she had suddenly developed a strange illness。

　　Experts finally traced the cause of her illness. The level of formaldehyde (甲醛) gas in her kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federal standards for chemical workers. The source of the gas? Her new kitchen cabinets and wall-to-wall carpeting。

　　The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution, which is not given sufficient attention partly because of the nation’s drive to save energy. The problem itself isn’t new. “The indoor environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along,” says Moschandreas, a pollution scientist at Geomet Technologies in Maryland. “Energy conservation has tented to accentuate the situation in some cases。”

　　The problem appears to be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than old ones. Back in the days when energy was cheap, home builders didn’t worry much about unsealed cracks. Because of such leaks the air in an average home was replaced by fresh outdoor air about once an hour. As a result, the pollutants generated in most households seldom built up to dangerous levels。

　　核心词汇

　　1.        efficient a. 效率高的，有能力的

　　【巧记】 effective a. 有效的，生效的‖ineffective a. 无效的‖efficiency n. 效率，效能，功效‖deficient a. 缺乏的‖sufficient a. 足够的‖inefficient a. 效率低的

　　【辨析】 efficient, effective

　　effective 能产生满意的结果的；efficient 指工作的效率很高，而且经济。

　　2.        seal n. 封条，印章，海豹vt. 密封，盖章

　　【搭配】 put a seal on 把……上贴封条‖take off the seal 启封‖seal in 保持住‖seal off 封住，封锁住

　　3.        equip vt. 装配，配备

　　【巧记】 equipment n. 设备，器材

　　【搭配】 equip oneself for 为……作准备‖equip sb. to do 为某人……作准备‖equip…with…以……装备……‖be equipped with 装备(配备)有……

　　【辨析】 1. equip, fwrnish

　　科技

　　Technology

　　equip 指有技术性的含义；fwrnish 指房间配备家具，也指供应其他物品等。

　　2. equipment, apparatus, appliance

　　equipment 装备，设备；apparatus 器械，仪器，工具，装置，仪表；appliance 器具，常用复数形式，指用于操纵有电源的器具或装置。

　　4.        feature n. 特征，特色，脸上的一部分特写

　　【巧记】 featureless a. 无特色的，平凡的

　　【搭配】 make a feature of 以……为特征

　　5.        suffer vt. 忍受，承受，遭受vi. 忍受痛苦

　　【巧记】 sufferer n. (病痛等的)受苦者、受难者、患者‖suffering n. 痛苦、苦脑、劳苦、困难‖suffice vi. 足够vt. 满足

　　【搭配】 suffer from 遭受，因……而受损害、苦于、患……病‖suffer for 因……而受惩罚

　　6.        trace n. 足迹，痕迹vt. 跟踪，追踪

　　【巧记】 tracing n. 描绘

　　【辨析】 trace, track, trail

　　trace 指人、动物过后所留下的明显痕迹记号；track 偏重于狩猎活动中猎狗依此追寻猎物的痕迹；trail 足迹或气味留下的痕迹。

　　7.        maximum n. 最大量，极限

　　【巧记】 maximal a. 最大的‖maximize v. 把……加到最大限度

　　【辨析】 maximum, minimum

　　maximum 最大量，最高点；minimum 最小量，最低点

　　8.        standard n. 标准，规格

　　【巧记】 standardize (-ise) vt. 使标准化，使合标准

　　【搭配】 be fit for the standard 合乎标准‖of (a) high standard 水准高的‖SAE: Standard American English 标准美国英语‖SBE: Standard Britosk English 标准美式英语

　　9.        source n. 来源，出处

　　【巧记】 sour a. 酸的，脾气坏的‖south n./a./ad. 南方(的／地)

　　【搭配】 from…source (s) 从……方面(来源)

　　【辨析】 source, resource, origin

　　source 指河流的源头，引申为来源，出处；resource 指自然资源或资产常用复数形式；origin 指历史文化或风俗的起源。

　　10.    victim n. 牺牲品，受害者

　　【巧记】 victimize vt. 使受害‖victor n. 征胜者，胜利者

　　【搭配】 become the victim of/fall a victim to 成为……的牺牲品

　　11.    sufficient a. 足够的，充分的确良

　　【巧记】 suffice vi./vt. 足够，满足‖insufficient a. 不足的‖sufficiently ad. 足够地

　　【搭配】 be sufficient for 足以(满足)‖suffice for 足够，够用

　　【辨析】 sufficient, adequate, enough

　　adequate 数量上和质量上的满足；enough 数量上，程度上而不指质量上的满足；sufficient 书面用语，写作时常用此词汇。

　　12.    conservation n. 保存，保护，守恒

　　【巧记】 conservational a. 保护的，守恒的‖conservatism n. 保守主义‖conserve vt. 保

　　守，保藏

　　【辨析】 conservation, conservative

　　conservation 保护，保存；conservative 保守 如the Conservative (美国保守党)。

　　13.    construct vt. 构筑，建造n. 构筑物，构想

　　【巧记】 constructive a. 建设性的，解释性的‖constructor n. 建造者‖construction n. 施工，构筑，建筑物

　　14.    generate vt. 使发生，产生，引导，导致

　　【巧记】 generally ad. 一般地，通常，大体‖generator n. 发电机‖degenerate vi. 退化，堕落‖regenerate v. 使新生‖generation n. 一代 (人)

　　15.    level n. 水平面，水平线，等级a. 平的，水平的

　　【巧记】 lever n. 杠杆，杠

　　【辨析】 level, even

　　even 表面平整或线条均匀，引申为心情冷静且判断公正；level 指水平，尤指才能相等或两样东西无大差距。

　　核心词组

　　turn out to be…证明……              be equipped with…装配有……

　　suffer from 忍受，患有……           because of…由于……

　　in some cases 在有些情况下           tend to 倾向于……

　　as a result 所以……

　　(总字数：505；单词：294；中文：211)

　　Passage 2

　　科技类说明文。一些悲观主义的专家认为汽车将会被淘汰，还有些认为汽车非但不会被淘汰，而且将会成为未来交通工具的首选。作者关心的不是未来的汽车会如何地变化及其燃料的情况，作者认为城市的交通拥挤会是主要问题，而解决问题的关键在于未来智能化，城市高速公路交通系统的建立完善。司机用电话把方向指令输入系统，由电脑设计最佳路线，并为该车保留全程的行车空间。这样的自动化高速公路每小时通行的车量可由现在的1,500辆至2,000辆提到10,000辆。

　　Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future。

　　The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should be far more pollution-free than present types。

　　Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion (拥挤). One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system。

　　When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable (可伸缩的) arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically。

　　Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control

　　of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of the car’s movements。

　　The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The computer will calculate the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit from the highway. The driver will then be free to relax and walt fro the buzzer (蜂鸣器) that will warn him of his coming exit. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present-day highway。

　　核心词汇

　　1.        pessimistic a. 悲观主义的

　　【巧记】 pessimism n. 悲观，悲观情绪，悲观主义‖pessimist n. 悲观主义者‖optimistic a. 乐观的，乐观主义者

　　2.        abandon vt. 放弃，遗弃，丢弃n. 放任

　　【巧记】 abandoned a. 被抛弃的，无耻的‖abandonment n. 放弃，自暴自弃

　　【搭配】 with abandon 尽情地‖abandon oneself to sth. 陷入，沉湎于某事

　　【辨析】 abandon, desert, give up, quit

　　abandon 指完全，最终和永久的放弃；desert 强调故意逃避应尽的义务和职责或违背誓言，含有非难之意；give up (用于口语) give up doing sth.；quit 指停止，如quit sth. 停止做某事。

　　3.        authorities n. 当局，官方

　　【巧记】 authority n. 权力，权威‖authoritative a. 有权威的，可相信的，官方的，当局的‖authorize vt. 授权，委托，批准‖authorizable n. 可授权的，可批准的‖authorization n. 授权，批准，委托‖authorized a. 委托的，核准的，公认的

　　【搭配】 have/exercise authority over sth./sb. 对某人或某事有(行使)权力‖in authority 拥有权力地位的‖under the authority of 受……管理‖with authority 有权威地

　　4.        foreseeable a. 可预见的

　　【巧记】 foresee vt. 预见，预料到‖foreseer n. 预见者

　　5.        economical a. 节约的，节省的

　　【巧记】 economic a. 经济学的，经济(上)的‖economics n. 经济学‖economically ad. 俭省地，节约地，经济地，在经济上‖economist n. 经济学家‖economize v. 节省‖economy n. 经济，节约

　　【搭配】 economize on sth. 节省，节约

　　【辨析】 economic, economical

　　economic 指与经济制度，经济学有关的意思；economical 指节省，节俭，节约。

　　6.        urban a. 城市的，都市的

　　【巧记】 urbanist n. 城市规划专家‖urbanize v. 使都市化‖urbanization n. 都市化，文雅化‖rural a. 农村的

　　7.        propose v. 提议，建议，打算，计划，求婚

　　【巧记】 proposition n. 提议，建议，命题，主张，观点‖proposal n. 建议，计划，求婚

　　【搭配】 propose marriage to sb. 向某人求婚

　　【辨析】 propose, suggest

　　propose 指提出意见，计划，方法以供参考，且为书面用语；suggest 常用于较随便的场合后加动名词或that 从句不能跟 “to do”。

　　8.        automate vt. 使自由化

　　【巧记】 automated a. 自动化的‖automatism n. 自动性‖automatize vt. 使自动化‖automation n. 自动化‖automatic a. 自动的，机械的‖automatically ad. 自动地‖auto n. 汽车

　　9.        contact n. 接触，联系，交往v. 接触，与……联系

　　【巧记】 contactless a. 失去联系‖contactual a. 联系着的‖contactor n. 开关

　　【搭配】 come into contact with 与某人接触‖be in/out of contact with 和……接触‖keep in contact 保持联系

　　【辨析】 contact, touch

　　contact 指两个物体接触而产生的一种相互关系；touch 用于描述某一感觉器官，感觉到了某人或某物存在。

　　10.    similar a. 相似的，类似的

　　【巧记】 dissimilar a. 不相象的，不类似的‖similarity n. 相似类似‖similarly ad. 相同地，同样地

　　【搭配】 be similar to 与……相似‖be dissimilar to与……不相似

　　【辨析】 1. similar, same

　　similar 相似的，并不指完全一样或相似，前面可以用very 修饰；same 相同，前面往往可以加定寇词 “the” 如： the same。

　　2. similarity, likeness, resemblance

　　similarity 指两个或多个以上的东西之间相似；likeness 普通口语中运用，表示两个人或东西外表相似；resemblance 常指两个或多个事物之间物质的，外表的相似。

　　11.    attach vt. 贴上，系上，附属，使依恋

　　【巧记】 attachable a. 可接上的，可附上的‖attachment n. 附属，附带，友爱‖unattached a. 独立的，未订婚的

　　【搭配】 attach oneself to 参加，参与，加入‖attach to 属于，伴随，归于‖attach importance to 重视‖become attached to 对……依恋，有感情，附属于

　　12.    destination n. 目的地，终点，目标

　　【巧记】 departure 离开

　　【搭配】 reach one’s destination 达到某人的目标

　　13.    calculate vt. 计算，核算，推测，估计，打算，计划

　　【巧记】 calculating a. 精明的，狡猾的‖calculation n. 计算，考虑‖calculation n. 计算，计算结果‖calculator n. 计算器

　　【搭配】 calculate on 指望，期望‖do calculations 进行计算

　　【辨析】 calculate, compute, count

　　calculate 计算，核算；compute 计算，估算，有时指进行较复杂的数字运算；count 计算，计数，数数。

　　14.   estimate vt. 估计，评价，判断n. 估计，评价，判断

　　【巧记】 estimation n. 判断，估计，意见

　　【搭配】 by one’s estimate 依某人估计‖in my estimation 依我判断

　　【辨析】 estimate, assess, appraise, evaluate

　　estimate 指某人根据自己的经验和知识对某事物作估计，结果可能为否定；assess “评价”之意，强调用具体的数据进行评价；appraise “评价”之意，强调专家的意见，估计的结果是完全正确的；evaluate “估计”之意，强调整体印象来评价。

　　15.   compare vt. 比较对照，把……比作‖vi. 相比，比得上

　　【巧记】 comparable a. 可比较的类似的比得上 (with,to)‖comparably ad. 可相比地‖incomparable a. 无以伦比的‖comparability n. 可比性‖comparative a. 比较的，相对的‖comparison n. 比较

　　【搭配】 compare…with…把……与……比较‖compare…to…把……比作……‖beyond/without compare 无以伦比‖by/in comparison with 相比之下

　　【辨析】 compare…with, compare…to…

　　前者表示把……与……相比较；后者表示将……比作……。

　　核心词组

　　be allowed to 被允许做……               regardless of 不管，尽管，无论

　　in the future 在未来                      solution to………的解决方法

　　drop from 从……下降，垂下              make contact with 与……相接触

　　be similar to 与……相似                  be attached to 附属于……接触

　　be free to…自由地做……                  warn of…警告某人，某事

　　be compared with ……与……相比

　　(总字数：491；单词：292；中文：199)

　　文史类文化文

　　Passage 1

　　文史类文化文。人们对 “cool” 一词 (即 “酷”) 的看法。

　　When Sharon Lee of the Hollywood marketing firm Look-Look needs to know what’s cool, she taps in to a network of experts that even the CIA would envy. It’s a web-linked (网络链接的) weave of nearly 10,000 volunteers and part timer, recruited over several years at clubs around the country. The network points in-between to report on their work。

　　“They upload photos, send e-mail reports and use message boards on our internet,” added Ms. Lee, who co-founded the firm in 1999 to find whatever makes the cultural contents exciting music, shoes clothes, games, makeup, food, technology. Look-Look’s correspondents some armed with digital cameras that Look-Look buys for them might snap anything from a rave (狂欢晚会) to their bedroom walls。

　　What is cool, anyway? “It used to be a personality based, anti establishment attitude,” said Ms. Lee. “For young people now it’s pure, raw emotion it’s anything that inspires you to think. It can be a person, a product, a place, anything。”

　　But there’s just no formula for cool. Likewise, it’s hard to define the cost of cool. None of the firms tracking it will discuss how they are paid, although they earn fees and work either on a per-project basis or no long-term counseling. Still, cool is as hard to make clear as a weather forecast for next week. “Cool burns out so fast that by the time companies know it’s cool, it’s not cool anymore,” said Ms. Lee. The old-time corporate methodology (企业的做法) was to treat it like the annual report for shareholders going out and testing a sample size of a few hundred people, then resting it again the next year. But a year in youth culture is like seven years。

　　核心词汇

　　1.        net work n. 网络

　　2.        envy vt. 妒忌羡慕n. 妒忌

　　【巧记】 enviable a. 引起妒忌‖envies a. 妒忌的

　　3.        recruit v. 征募新兵，补充n. 新兵，新成员

　　【巧记】 recruitment n. 征募新兵，新会员

　　4.        correspondent n. 记者

　　5.        digital a. 数字的

　　【巧记】 digit n. 数字

　　6.        emotion n. 情感

　　【巧记】 emotional a. 情绪的，情感的

　　7.        counsel n./vt. 忠告，劝告

　　【巧记】 counselor n. 顾问

　　8.        expert n. 专家，能手

　　【巧记】 expert n. 专家，能手‖expert a. 专家的，内行的，熟练的

　　9.        volunteer n. 志愿者

　　【巧记】 volunteer n. 志愿者，志愿兵‖volunteer vt. 自愿提供，自愿(做)‖volunteer vi. 自愿，当志愿

　　10.    snap vi. 喀嚓折断，吧嗒一声(关上或打开)

　　【巧记】 snap vi. 喀嚓折断，啪地绷断，吧嗒一声(关上或打开) ，猛咬，怒声责骂，厉声说话‖snap vt. 使喀嚓一声折断，使发出吧嗒一声(关上或打开) ，给……拍快照‖snap n. 吧嗒声，快照‖snap a. 仓促的，突然的

　　【搭配】 snap out of 迅速从……中恢复过来‖snap up 抢购，抢先弄到手

　　11.    formula n. 原则，方案，公式，方程式，配方

　　12.    define vt. 给……下定义，解释，限定，规定

　　【搭配】 define…as 把……定义为

　　13.    fee n. 费，酬金

　　14.    forecast vt./n. 预测，预报

　　核心词组

　　be armed with 装配有，拿着……         on a…basis 以……为基础

　　likes wise 相似地，同样地               treat…like… 把……当作……

　　(总字数：323；单词：284；中文：39)

　　Passage 2

　　文史类论说文。本文谈的是电影对整个印度社会的影响。

　　Indian cinema has often suffered the derision (嘲弄) of film critics and rightly so. But as Subhash Ghai, a prominent producer-director has pointed out, “Cinema mirrors society… India is rooted in tradition… and cinema reflects our family values”， though in a highly dramatized form. He adds, “Today I can sit in my drawing room and talk big, but the millions who go to the movies will reject what I am saying unless I keep them in mind。” In other words, there are inherent (内在的) limitations in making good and realistic cinema in Indian. This view is, however, challenged by some。

　　According to Ravi Gupta, Managing Director of the National Film Development Corporation which prides itself on making good quality films, “It is a media-created myth that parallel (to Hollywood masala films) cinema is dead. In fact, art films are more viable (能生存的) than commercial films。”

　　Be that as it may, one thing is for certain. Hindi films have probably done more for India’s national integration (一体化) than any other medium. Hindi films and film songs are watched and hummed all over the country, not with standing the country’s linguistic plurality (多数). Hindi, which is India’s national language but is not spoken and understood in all parts of India, has made its impact through the medium. Another positive aspect is that Indian cinema is the most all embracing, nonreligious part of India’s fractured social landscape. For instance, out of the six top actors listed by the newspaper, the Times of India, three are Muslims: Shah Rukh Knhan, Aamir Khan and Salman Kan. Therefore, despite all its acts of omission and commission, Indian cinema, in some ways, is a progressive phenomenon。

　　核心词汇

　　1.       critic n. 批评家，评论家

　　【巧记】 critical a. 批评的，批判的‖criticize v. 批评，批判‖criticism n. 批评，批判

　　【搭配】 be critical to 对……挑剔‖be critical of 苛求

　　2.       prominent a. 凸起的，显著的，杰出的

　　【巧记】 prominently ad. 突出地

　　3.       dramatize vt. 改编成剧本

　　【巧记】 drama n. 剧本，戏剧‖dramatic a. 戏剧性的，巨大的

　　4.       reject vt. 拒绝接受，抵制

　　【巧记】 rejection n. 拒绝，抵制，驳回

　　5.       limitation n. 限制，局限性

　　6.       parallel a. 平行的，相似的n. 平行线vt. 与……平行

　　【搭配】 in a parallel with 和……平行

　　7.       commercial a. 商业的，商务的n. 商业广告

　　8.       linguistic a. 语言的

　　【巧记】 linguistically ad. 语言上

　　9.       fracture n. 骨折，破裂，裂缝

　　10.    omission n. 省略，删除

　　11.    reflect v. 反映，显示，反射，深思，反省

　　【巧记】 reflection n. 倒影，反映，表达，非议，批评，深思，考虑

　　12.    realistic a. 现实的，实际可行的，现实主义的，逼真的

　　13.    medium a. 中等的

　　【巧记】 medium a. 中等的，适中的‖medium n. 媒介物，传导体，新闻媒介，传播媒介，手段，工具

　　【搭配】 by/through the medium of 以……为媒介，通过

　　核心词组

　　be rooted in 根植于……    in addition 另外      keep…in mind 记住

　　(总字数：435；单词：279；中文：156)

　　体育类说明文

　　Passage 1

　　体育类说明文。1998年世界杯足球赛结束后，许多失望的球迷仍然对由于裁判不公正而使自己心爱的球队与冠军失之交臂大加指责。有调查研究表明，裁判应该在比赛中处于最佳位置，并以最佳的速度跑动。这位调查者还指出国际足球联认为裁判在45岁要退休的看法是受到了误导。如果紧随球的跑动不是那么重要，裁判的状况也就不重要了。

　　Long after the 1998 Would Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decision than denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees。

　　The researcher organized an experimental tournament (锦标赛) involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge。

　　Observers noted down the referees errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number。

　　The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters. The research shows the optimum (最佳的) distance is about 20 meters。

　　There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second。

　　If FIFA, football’s international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next Would Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues。

　　He also says that FIFA’s insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical。

　　核心词汇

　　1.       curse v. 咒骂，诅咒n. 咒骂，咒语；祸害

　　2.       dispute vt. 争论

　　3.       deny v. 否认，拒绝

　　【巧记】 denial n. 否定，拒绝承认，克制

　　【搭配】 deny doing 否认做……‖There is no denying ……不容否认

　　4.       appoint vt. 任命，委派，约定，指定

　　【巧记】 appointive a. 委任的‖appointer n. 指定人‖appointment n. 约会，约定，任命，委派

　　5.       performance n. 履行，完成，演出，表演

　　【巧记】 perform v. 履行，完成，表演‖performer n. 演奏者

　　6.       involve vt. 使卷入，使参与，牵涉，包含

　　【巧记】 involvement n. 卷入，牵连

　　【搭配】 involve in 与……相关，牵涉到……

　　7.       period n. 一段时间，时间，课时，期间

　　【巧记】 periodic a. 同期的，定时的‖periodical n. 期刊，杂志‖periodically ad. 周期地，定期地

　　8.       charge vt. 装满，收费，使充满，指控，充电n. 收费，罪名，负费，电荷

　　【巧记】 charger n. 委托人

　　【搭配】 be charged with 负……责任，弃满着，被指控‖charge for 收……费‖in charge of ……负责，主管‖take charge 开始管理，接管‖in the charge of 受……的管理

　　9.       error n. 错误，误差

　　10.    convert vt. 使转变，更改

　　【巧记】 convertible a. 可转换的，可转变的，可改变的‖converter n. 转换器

　　11.    analyse vt. 分析，分解

　　【巧记】 analyzable a. 可以分析的‖analysability n. 分析，能力‖analysation 分解，分析‖analyser n. 分析者‖analyst n. 分析者

　　12.    incident n. 事件，事变

　　【巧记】 incidence n. 发生率‖incidental a. 附带的，偶然的‖incidentally ad. 附带地，顺便提及

　　13.    argue vi. 争论，争辩vt. 主张，争论，劝说

　　14.    insistence n. 坚持

　　15.    critical a. 批评的，批判的，挑剔地

　　核心词组

　　in charge 负责任             be converted to sth. 转换，换算为……

　　on average 平均地            keep one’s eyes on 注视

　　rather than 而不是            keep up with 跟上

　　(总字数：389；单词：273；中文：116)

　　Passage 2

　　体育类议论文。体育运动不仅是身体上的挑战，也是智力上的挑战。而对于青少年的身体素质和心理素质也同样是一种挑战，参与比胜负更重要，它能够为青少年提供许多有意义的经历。对于孩子们的学习来说，教练和父母给予的积极评价比批评更有效。

　　Sport is not only physically challenging but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes (运动) Stress can be physical, emotional or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable。

　　The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperated with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents and coaches criticisms to heart and

　　fine a flaw (缺陷) in themselves。

　　Coaches and parents should also be cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the spot and other life lessons. In today’s youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport. Following a game many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters’ performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout。

　　核心词汇

　　1.       physically a. 自然地，物质地，内体上地

　　【巧记】 physical a. 身体的，物质的

　　【搭配】 physical labor 体力劳动‖physical condition 身体状况

　　2.       challenge n. 挑战，艰巨的任务vt. 反对，向……挑战，对……怀疑

　　【巧记】 challenging a. 具有挑战性的‖challenger n. 挑战者

　　3.       mentally ad. 精神上地，脑力地

　　【搭配】 mental labor 脑力，劳动

　　4.       criticism n. 批评，评论

　　【巧记】 critic n. 批评家‖critical a. 批判的‖critically ad. 批评地，危急地

　　【搭配】 be critical to…对……很挑剔‖be critical of 苛求的，挑剔的‖make criticisms on 对……批评

　　5.       pressure n. 压力，压强，强制，压迫

　　【巧记】 press vt. 压，按，紧握n. 新闻界，出版介‖pressing a. 紧迫的，迫切的

　　6.       stress n. 压力，紧张

　　7.       emotional a. 感情上的

　　【巧记】 emotionally ad. 感情地‖emotion n. 情感，激动，激情

　　【搭配】 with emotion 动情地

　　8.       psychological a. 心理(上)的，心理学的

　　【巧记】 psychologically ad. 心理上地，心理学地‖psychology n. 心理学，心理‖psychologist n. 心理学家

　　9.       indicate vt. 表示，显示

　　10.   describe vt. 叙述，描述，形容

　　【巧记】 description n. 描写，记叙文，说明文‖descriptive a. 描述的，说明的

　　【搭配】 describe…as…把……描绘成……

　　11.   aware a. 意识到的，觉察到的

　　【巧记】 awareness n. 意识，觉悟‖unaware a. 不知道的‖unawareness n. 无意识

　　【搭配】 be aware of 明白，意识到某事

　　【辨析】 aware, conscious

　　aware 指通过自己的感官活动来感知；conscious 指大脑已接受了感官的信号，一般表示对事实、真实情况等的清醒地内在了解。

　　12.   cautious a. 谨慎的

　　13.   participation n. 加入，参与

　　【巧记】 participant n. 参加者，参与者‖participate vi. 参加，参与

　　14.   outcome n. 成果，结果

　　15.   positive a. 积极的，肯定的

　　16.   motivate n. 激起，激发

　　【巧记】 motivation n. 激起动机，意图‖motive n. 动机，目的，主感

　　核心词组

　　lead to 导致                 at one time 曾经

　　take place 发生              cooperate with 与……合作

　　find fault with 挑……毛病     regardless of 无论，不管

　　Passage 3

　　体育类记叙文。本文对残疾人运动会的形成进行介绍。

　　40 years ago the idea of disabled people going sport was never heard of. But when the annual games for the disabled were started at Stoke Mandeville, England in 1948 by Sir Ludwig Guttmann, the situation began to change。

　　Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who had been driven to England in 1939 from Nazi Germany, had been asked by the British government to set up an injury center at Stoke Mandeville hospital near London. His ideas about treating the injured included sports for the disabled。

　　In the first games just two teams of injured soldiers took part. The next year, 1949, five teams took part. From those beginnings. Things have developed fast. Teams now come from abroad to Stoke Mandeville every year. In 1960 the first Olympics for the disabled were held in Rome, in the same place as the normal Olympic games. Now, every four years the Olympic games for the Disabled are held, if possible, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games, although they are organized separately. In other years games for the disabled are still held at Stoke Mandeville. In the 1984 Wheelchair Olympic Games, 1064 wheel chair athletes from about 40 countries took part. Unfortunately, they were held at Stoke Mandeville and not in Los Angeles, along with the other Olympics。

　　The games have been a great success in promoting international friendship and understanding, and in proving that being disabled does not mean you can’t enjoy sport. One small source of disappointment for those who organize and take part in the games, however, has been the unwillingness of the International Olympic Committee to include disabled events at Olympic Games for the able-bodied. Perhaps a few more years are still needed to convince those who are fortunate enough not to be disabled that their disabled fellow athletes should not be excluded。

　　核心词汇

　　1.        disabled a. 残疾的

　　【巧记】 disable v. 使……残疾‖disability n. 残疾

　　2.        annual a. 每年的

　　【巧记】 annual ad. 每年地

　　【搭配】 annual ring 年轮

　　3.        injury n. 伤害，毁坏

　　【巧记】 injure vt. 伤害(感情等)损坏

　　【搭配】 do an injury to sb. 对……伤害了

　　4.        treat n. 对待v. 治疗

　　5.        normal a. 正式的

　　6.        separately ad. 分别地，个自地，独立地

　　7.        athlete n. 运动员

　　8.        unwillingness n. 不情愿

　　9.        exclude vt. 排斥，把……排除

　　【巧记】 exclusion n. 排除，拒绝‖exclusive a. 排外的，独占的，专有的，排它的

　　10. promote vt. 促进，增进，发扬，提升，宣传，推销(商品等)

　　核心词组

　　take part (in) 参加          along with 连同，还有         set up 建立

　　(总字数：396；单词：346；中文：50)

　　Passage 4

　　体育类说明文。本文介绍运动员在古代的奥运与当代奥运对运动员奖励方式的变迁。

　　Sports are one of the world’s largest industries, and most athletes are professionals who are well paid for their efforts. Because an athlete succeeds by achievement only not by economic background or family connections sports can be a fast route to wealth, and many athletes play more for money than for love。

　　This has not always been true. In the ancient Olympics the winner got only a wreath of olive leaves (橄榄叶花环). Even though the winners became national heroes, the games remained amateur for centuries. Athletes won fame, but no money. As time passed, however, the contests became increasingly less amateur and cities began to hire athletes to represent them. By the fourth century. A. D. , the Olympics were ruined, and they were soon ended。

　　In 1896, the Olympic games were revived (使再度兴起) with the same goal of pure amateur competition. The rules bar athletes who have ever received a $50 prize or an athletic scholarship, or who have spent four weeks in a training camp. At least one competitor in the 1896 games met all these qualifications. He was Spiridon Loues, a water carrier who won the marathon race. After the race, a rich Athenian offered him anything he wanted. A true amateur, Loues accepted only a cart and a horse. Then he gave up running forever. But Loues was an exception and now, as the Chairman of the German Olympic Committee said, “Nobody pays any attention to these rules。” Many countries pay their athletes to train year-round, and Olympic athletes are eager to sell their names to companies that make everything form ski equipment to fast food。

　　Even the games themselves have become a huge business. Countries fight to hold the Olympics not only for honor, but for money. The 1972 games in Munich cost the Germans 545million dollars, but by selling medal symbols, TV rights, food, drink, hotel rooms, and souvenirs (纪念品)， they managed to make a profit. Appropriately, the symbol of victory in the Olympic games is no longer a simple olive wreath it is a gold medal。

　　核心词汇

　　1.        effort n. 努力，尝试

　　【巧记】 effortless a. 不费力的，轻易的

　　2.        background n. 背景a. 背景的

　　3.        amateur n. 业余爱好者

　　4.        represent vt. 代表，代理，表达，象征

　　【巧记】 representation n. 代表，表现‖representative n. 代表，代理人a. 典型的

　　5.        qualification n. 资格

　　6.        committee n. 荣誉，委员会

　　7.        symbol n. 象征

　　8.        route n. 路线，路程

　　9.        ancient a. 古代的，古老的，年老的，看上去很老的

　　10.    amateur n. (艺术、科学等的)业余爱好者，外行

　　【巧记】 amateur n. (艺术、科学等的)业余爱好者，业余运动员，外行‖amateur a. 业余爱好的，业余(身份)的，外行的

　　核心词组

　　more A than B 与其说B不如说A               with the same goal of 有……同要的目标

　　meet all these qualifications 满足所有的资格      make a profit 盈利

　　教育类文章

　　Passage 1

　　教育类记叙文。作者认为工程学的学生应该是文理兼备的典范，但当谈到自己的大学生涯时，却认为自己是个理想主义者兼而是个傻瓜。作者为了得到广泛的教育，努力想使自己成为思想活跃和在今后的求职道路上有自己的价值体系的人，因而选择了一所很小的文科学校，学习工程学，并认为此举必将会使自己成为一名真正的工程人员，既是技术天才又是人文学者。但最后，现实证明成为一名独特的文理兼备的学生是不切实际的。

　　Engineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality, but when it comes to my college education, I am an idealist and a fool. In high school I wanted to be an electrical engineer and, of course, any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department, famous reputation and lots of good labs and research equipment. But that’s not what I did。

　　I chose to study engineering at a small liberal arts (文科) university that doesn’t even offer a major in electrical engineering. Obviously, this was not a practical choice; I came here for more noble reasons. I wanted a broad education that would provide me with flexibility and a value system to guide me in my career. I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by interacting with people who weren’t studying science or engineering. My parents, teachers and other adults praised me for such a sensible choice. They told me I was wise and mature beyond my 18 years, and I believed them。

　　I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went to big engineering “factories” where they didn’t care if you had values or were flexible. I was going to be a complete engineer: technical genius and sensitive humanist (人文学者) all in one。

　　Now I’m not so sure. Somewhere along the way my noble ideals crashed into reality, as all noble ideals eventually do. After three years of struggling to balance math, physics and engineering courses with liberal arts courses, I have learned there are reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile (协调) engineering with liberal arts courses in college。

　　The reality that has blocked my path to becoming the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don’t mix as easily as I assumed in high school. Individually they shape a person in very different ways; together they threaten to confuse. The struggle to reconcile the two fields of study is difficult。

　　核心词汇

　　1.       suppose vt. 猜想；认为

　　【巧记】 supply vt. /n. 供给；供应‖support vt. 支持；拥护；支撑；支承

　　【辨析】 suppose, expect, figure, guess

　　上述四个单词均可以作为“料想”，“认为”理解。在一般使用中区别不大，可换用。suppose 偏重于“料想”，也可以有“想法”的意思；expect主要用于美国英语中，表示对“料想”的事情较有把握；figure 指估计，判断，总结；guess 则指没有根据地料想。

　　【真题】 He’s watching TV? He’s   to be cleaning his room。

　　(A) known    (B) supposed    (C) regard    (D) considered

　　答案：B。

　　句意：他在看电视吗？　　他应该在清扫房间。

　　2.       sensible a. 明智的，合情理的

　　【巧记】 sensational a. 令人激动的，轰动的，感觉的‖senseless a. 无知觉的，愚蠢的；无意义的‖sensitive a. 敏感的，灵敏的‖sensitivity n. 敏感性，灵敏度

　　【搭配】 be sensible of=know 知道‖be sensible to sth. 对……有感觉

　　【真题】 Some plants are very   to light; they prefer the shade。

　　(A) sensible    (B) flexible    (C) objective    (D) sensitive

　　答案：D. 本题考点为 sensible (明智的) 与 sensitive (敏感的) 的区别。

　　句意：一些植物对阳光非常敏感，它们适于阴凉处。

　　3.       aim n. 目标，目的，意图 vt. 对……瞄准，对准，针对，旨在

　　【巧记】 aimless a. 无目的的‖aimlessly ad. 无目的地

　　【搭配】 aim at/aim for瞄准，针对‖the aim in sth. 做……的目的

　　【辨析】 aim, goal, object, objective, purpose, target

　　aim指具体的目标;goal 指经过努力才能达到的目标;object 指一般的难以确定的目的或目标;objective 指特定的或限定的目标; purpose 指为某一结果而进行的经过深思熟虑的活动; target 指靶子。

　　4.       reputation n. 名声，名望

　　【辨析】 reputation，honor, fame

　　reputation 指人们对某人某事的看法，评价，可以是好，也可以是坏;honour 指荣誉，名誉，敬意; fame指名声与reputation接近。

　　5.       major a. 主要的，重大的n. 专业 vi. (in) 主修

　　【巧记】 majority n. 多数，大多数

　　【搭配】 major in 主修……课程

　　6.       flexibility n. 灵活性，柔韧性，弹性折射性

　　【巧记】 flesh n. 肉，肌肉‖flexible a. 易弯曲的；灵活的

　　【搭配】 have/lack/show flexibility 有/缺乏/表现出灵活性

　　7.       expand vt. 扩张，展开，扩大

　　【巧记】 expansion n. 扩张‖expansive a. 扩张的，膨胀的‖expanse n. 大面积

　　【搭配】 expand…into… 把……扩展成为……‖expand the horizon of 拓宽……的视野‖expand the reach of 扩大……的领域(范围)

　　【辨析】 expand，lengthen，stretch

　　expand指把收拢在一起的东西展开; lengthen指延长东西或时间; stretch指扩张，伸展，由短变长。

　　8.       mature a. 成熟的

　　【巧记】 immature a. 不成熟的‖premature a. 未成熟的‖maturity n. 成熟，完成

　　【辨析】 ripe，mature

　　ripe指果实成熟；mature指泛指动植物成熟。

　　9.       beyond prep. 在……之外，超出……范围

　　【搭配】 beyond one’s power 超出某人的能力‖beyond one’s control 超出某人的控制

　　beyond dispute 毫无疑问‖beyond description 无法用语言描述

　　【例句】The book is beyond my reach。

　　这本书的位置超出了我能够到的范围。

　　【真题】 We take our skin for granted until it is burned  repair. (CET—4,2000,1)

　　(A) beyond    (B) for    (C) without    (D) under

　　答案：A。

　　句意：皮肤被烫得无法修复之前我们想当然地认为皮肤不受伤害。

　　10.   advantage n. 优势，优美; 利益，好处

　　【巧记】 advantageous a. 有利的‖disadvantage n. 劣势，害处

　　【搭配】 have/gain/win an advantage over 胜过；优于‖have the advantage of sb. 较某人有利；比某人强‖take advantage of sb. 欺骗某人，捉弄某人

　　【辨析】 advantage, benefit, interest, profit

　　advantage指与别人相比而显出的或得到的好处；benefit指任何好处，利益；interest 作不可数名词时是利息的意思，作可数名词时同benefit；profit指金钱上得到的好处，利润，在考试中多为后者的意思。

　　11.   crash vi. 碰撞；坠落；发出撞击；破产 vt. 撞击；砸碎；冲；闯n. 坠落；破裂声

　　【巧记】 crack vi./ vt. 破裂， 裂开；打击‖collide vi. 与……相撞，多为 collide with…

　　【搭配】 crash into…与……相撞‖air crash 空难

　　12.   assume vt. 设想，假设；装出……样子；承担；接受；呈现；采取

　　【巧记】 assumption n. 假定，设想‖assumable a. 可假定的，可设想的‖assumed a. 假定的，虚构的‖assuming a. 自负的，傲慢的‖assumptive a. 假想的，傲慢的

　　【搭配】 assuming that＝supposing that 假定‖assume office 就职‖assume a new aspect 呈现新面貌

　　【辨析】 assume, presume, suppose

　　assume指武断地把尚未证实的事作为事实或依据；presume指根据过去的经验或现实做出推测；suppose指猜想，认为。

　　【例句】 Mary assumed the plane would take off at 10 o’clock but was wrong。

　　玛丽认为飞机十点起飞，但错了。

　　From their speech, I presumed them to be experts。

　　从他们的讲话，我猜想他们是专家。

　　I suppose you’re right。

　　我认为你是对的。

　　13.   individually ad. 单独地，独自地

　　【巧记】 individual a. 单独的，个人的，独特的，个性的n. 个人，个体(可数名词)‖individuality n. 个性

　　【辨析】 individual, personal, private

　　individual 指个人，个体，区别整体；personal指强调本人，非他人所能代表；private指秘密的，隐私的。如 a private conversation 私人谈话。

　　14.   threaten vt. 威胁，恐吓

　　【巧记】 threat n. 威胁，恐吓，凶兆‖threateningly ad. 威胁地

　　【搭配】 a threat to sb/sth. 对……的威胁

　　【辨析】 threat, menace

　　threat指程度弱，让被威胁者感到危险的存在；menace指胁迫意义较浓，范围狭窄，主要使人有明显的威胁或恐怖感。

　　15.   reconcile vt. 使和解，使……一致

　　【巧记】 reconciliation n. 和解，调解

　　【搭配】 reconcile sb. to/with…和……言归于好‖be reconciled with sb. 和某人言归于好‖be reconciled to sth. 顺从，听从…

　　核心词组

　　when it comes to 谈到、述及到、提起

　　provide…with…提供

　　interact with…与……有关系

　　praise sb. for sth. 因为……而表扬……

　　have an advantage over 比……有优势

　　block one’s path to 阻挡了通向……的道路

　　(总字数：506；单词：347；中文：159)

　　Passage 2

　　教育类议论文。根据对188,000多名学生的调查，我们可以得出结论，当代大学生选择专业时比以往更功利。他们主要的目标是生活富有，而不是是否有意义。当前大学生们学习的主要课程往往为财务而不是文学、历史等科目，但从长远看，我们知道拓宽专业领域日实施通才施教，这样学生们才能学会思考和发现问题，这也是教育的真正意义所在。

　　According to a survey, which was based on the responses of over 188,000 students, today’s traditional-age college freshmen are “more materialistic and less altruistic (利他主义的)” than at any time in the 17 years of the poll。

　　Not surprising in these hard times, the student’s major objective “is to be financially well off. Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life。” It follows then that today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting。

　　Interest in teaching, social service and the “altruistic” fields is at a low. On the other hand, enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is way up。

　　That’s no surprise either. A friend of mine (a sales representative for a chemical company) was making twice the salary of her college instructors her first year on the job—even before she completed her two-year associate degree。

　　While it’s true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from out own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions—be they scientific or artistic. It is equally true that, in studying the diverse wisdom of others, we learn how to think. More important, perhaps, education teaches us to see the connections between things, as well as to see beyond our immediate needs。

　　Weekly we read of unions who went on strike for higher wages, only to drive their employer out of business. No company; no job. How shortsighted in the long run！

　　Bet the most important argument for a broad education is that in studying the accumulated

　　wisdom of the ages, we improver our moral sense. I saw a cartoon recently which shows a group

　　of businessmen looking puzzled as they sit around a conference table; one of them is talking on the intercom (对讲机) : “Miss Baxter,” he says, “could you please send in someone who can distinguish right from wrong?”

　　From the long-term point of view, that’s what education really ought to be about。

　　核心词汇

　　1.       survey vt. 纵览，环视；调查，检查，测量

　　【巧记】 investigate vt. 调查、检查‖survival n. 幸存，活下来‖survival n. 生存者，幸存者

　　【搭配】 make a survey of 测量，调查

　　2.       response n. 回答，回应，反应，反响

　　【巧记】 respond vi. 回答，做答，反应‖respondence n. 作答，响应‖respondent a. 回答的，反应的n. 回答者‖responsibility n. 责任、职责

　　【搭配】 in response to 作为……的反应‖make no response 没有反应

　　3.       traditional a. 传统的

　　【巧记】 tradition n. 传统

　　【搭配】 by tradition 按照；据口传‖keep up fine tradition 保持优良传统

　　4.       materialistic a. 实利主义的

　　【巧记】 material n. 物质、材料、原料a. 物质的‖materialism n. 唯物主义‖materialize vt. 使具体化‖materialist n. 实利主义者

　　【搭配】 in material form 用具体形式

　　5.       objective a. 客观的n. 目标， 目的

　　【巧记】 object n. 物体， 目标‖objectively ad. 客观地‖objection n. 反对

　　【搭配】 be objective about 对……很客观‖object to sb./sth. 不赞成，反对

　　【辨析】 object, oppose

　　object 指个人对某事提出不同意见；oppose指着重动作，反对的对象一般是重大的事。

　　6.       financially ad. 财政上的

　　【巧记】 finance n. 财政(家) (pl。) 资金vt. 为……提供资金‖financial a. 财政的‖financially ad. 财政上‖financier n. 财政家

　　【搭配】 finance market 金融市场‖minister of finance 财政部长‖financial means 财产、财力‖financial recession 经济萧条‖financial aid. 助学金

　　7.       philosophy n. 哲学

　　【巧记】 philosophical a. 哲学的，达观的，冷静的‖philosopher n. 哲学家、哲人‖philosophyic(al) a. 哲学上的，哲人似的，冷静的

　　8.       literature n. 文学(作品)文献， 图书资料

　　【巧记】 literacy n. 识字， 有文化， 有读写能力‖literal a. 文字上的，字面的‖literally a. 字面地， 逐句地‖literary a. 文学的，从事写作的‖literate a. 在读写能力的， 有文化的， 受过良好教育的

　　9.       enrollment n. 吸收，招收

　　【巧记】 enroll vt. 登记，编入，使入伍 (入学)‖enrollee n. 被征入伍者，入学(会)者‖enrollment n. 登记，注册(人数)；入学(人数)

　　10.   representative n. 代表，代理人a. 典型的，有代表性的

　　【巧记】 represent vt. 代表，代理，表示，象征‖representation n. 代表，表现描写‖representational a. 描写的，表示的

　　【辨析】 representative, agent, substitute

　　representative指某人或物代替其他的人或物；agent指被授权代表另一个人或团体专处理事物的人员；substitute 可以替代另一个人或事物的代用品。

　　11.   career n. 生涯，职业

　　【巧记】 careerist n. 追求出人头地的人

　　【辨析】 occupation, profession, trade, career

　　occupation指人们正在从事的工作；profession指人们经过多年的学习，总结从而获得资格任证后才能从事的专业性能的职业；trade指有熟练的技能以盈利为服务的工作；career 终生从事的工作。

　　12.   civilization n. 文明

　　【巧记】 civilian n. 平民的， 民用的， 民众的‖civilize(ise) v. 使文明、开化

　　13.   accumulate vt. 积聚，积累vi. 堆积，积累

　　【巧记】 accumulation n. 累积，积聚，堆积‖accumulative a. 累积的‖accumulator n. 积累者，蓄电池

　　【辨析】 accumulate, collect

　　accumulate 强调由少到多的逐渐增加过程；collect指认真地挑选后进行分类收集之意。

　　14.   incredible a. 难以置信的

　　【巧记】 credible a. 可相信的‖incredibly ad. 不能相信地

　　incredulous a. 怀疑的

　　【辨析】 incredible, incredulous

　　incredible指事物本身难以令人相信；incredulous指怀疑的，轻信外界事物的。

　　15.   contribution n. 贡献，捐献，捐献物

　　【巧记】 contribute v. 捐赠，投稿，贡献‖contributor n. 贡献者，捐赠者，投稿人‖contributing a. 贡献的

　　【搭配】 contribute (sth。) to…出一份力，起一份作用

　　【辨析】 incredible, devote

　　devote指献身于某一事业或目标 如：devote oneself to sth./doing sth.; contribute指为何事做出贡献，捐赠 如：contribute to sth./doing sth.。

　　16.   moral a. 道德上的，精神上的n. 道德

　　【巧记】 moralist n. 道德学家‖moralize v. 教化 morality n. 道义‖morally ad. 道义上地

　　【辨析】 moral, ethical, virtuous

　　moral指行动上，思想上遵照普遍接受的道德标准；ethical指伦理的，合乎道德的，尤指职业道德或规矩；virtuous指有道德的，善良的，正直的。

　　核心词组

　　according to 根据             in the long run 从长远角度看

　　be based on 基于，取材于     distinguish…from 把……与……区分

　　be well off 有钱，富裕        from the point of view of…从……观点来看

　　not…but…不是……而是       beyond one’s needs 超出……的需求

　　(总字数：547；单词：299；中文：248)

　　Passage 3

　　教育类论说文。在抚养孩子的过程中，每一位父母都急切地关注孩子对新本领的掌握，而这种急切的心情往往使家长对孩子的期望过高，超出了孩子的自然学习速度，这将会使孩子们感到焦虑不安，并产生失败感，对其发展不利。然而另一方面如果对孩子不管不问，或不给他们学习的机会，孩子就容易失去对生活的热情和学习新事物的举。至于成长中的孩子的道德发展问题，父母在进行道德教育时言行一定要一致，因为当孩子们突然意识到父母的做人原则与他们的道德说有很大差别时，他们会感到非常失望，而这种失望往往会产生危险的后果。

　　In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child’s acquisition (学会) of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he may lose his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself。

　　Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters. Others are severe over the time of coming home at night or the punctuality for meals. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of he parents and the values of the community as much as the child’s own happiness。

　　As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and to excuse it the next is not the foundation for morality (道德). Also, parents should realize that “example is better than precept”. If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach (说教)， their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves and realize to some extent they have been fooled。

　　A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents’ principles and their moral preachings can be a dangerous disappointment。

　　核心词汇

　　1.       independent a. 独立的，自主的，不依赖……的

　　【巧记】 independence n. 独立，自主，自立‖independently ad. 独立地，自游地

　　【搭配】 be independent of…不依赖……

　　2.       tempt vt. 引诱，勾引，吸引，引起……的兴趣

　　【巧记】 temptation n. 诱惑

　　【搭配】 tempt sb. to do. 诱使某人做某事‖tempt sb. into doing sth. 诱使某人做某事

　　【辨析】 tempt, induce

　　induce 强调以说明劝导的方式，暗示诱惑力强地引诱；tempt强调引诱某人做坏事之嫌。

　　3.       natural a. 自然界的，天然的，正常的

　　【巧记】 naturalize v. 使归化‖naturally ad. 天然地‖nature n. 本性‖native a. 出生地的，

　　本土的，土产的n. 本地人，本国人

　　【搭配】 be natural to sb. 对……来说很自然

　　【辨析】 natural, normal

　　natural 指自然的，强调自然、天然或指事情的发生、发展合乎情理；normal 正常的，常态的，指在一定标准之中，不超出规定限度，往往描述事物与行为。

　　4.       opportunity n. 机会，时机

　　【巧记】 opponent a. 对立的，反对的n. 对手，敌手‖oppose v. 反对 opposite a. 对面的，对立的n. 对立面，对立物

　　【搭配】 the opportunity of doing/sth. 干……的机会‖the opportunity to do sth. 干……的机会‖the opportunity for sth. 干……的机会

　　5.       enthusiasm n. 热心，热情，积极性

　　【巧记】 enthusiast n. 热心的人‖enthusiastic a. 热情的，热烈的

　　【搭配】 be enthusiastic about 对……很热衷 with enthusiasm 热情地

　　6.       desire n. 理想，愿(欲)望

　　【巧记】 desirable a. 理想的，称心的‖desirability n. 称心的，合意的‖desirableness n. 称心，合意‖desirably ad. 称心地，合意地

　　【搭配】 在 It is desirable that…句型中，that 从句用原形动词或 should+do 此为虚拟语气的用法

　　7.       vary v. 有变化的，相异的，改变，变更

　　【巧记】 variability n. 多变‖variable n. 变量a. 易变的，可变的，可调节的‖variation n. 变化，变动，变种，变异‖variety n. 变化，多样化，种类，品种，变种‖various a. 不同的，各种各样的，多方面的

　　【搭配】 vary as…随着……而变化‖vary from 不同于‖a variety of…种种，形形色色

　　【辨析】 differ, vary

　　differ 着重表示种类，性质，意见上的差异，但本身不能表明分歧的范围或程度；vary 侧重于表示显而易见的差异，也可以表示差别的范围。

　　【真题】 Featunes suchas height, weight, and skin colour__from individual to individual and face to face. (CET—4,1996,6)

　　(A) change     (B) vary     (C) alter     (D) convert

　　答案：B. 身高，体重，肤色特征因人而异。

　　8.       degree n. 度数，程度，学位

　　【巧记】 degrade vt. 降级‖degrading a. 品质低劣的，卑劣的‖degradation n. 降级，降格；退化

　　【搭配】 in some degree 在某种程度上‖to a certain degree 在一定程度上

　　9.       punctuality n. 准时，守时，严谨

　　【巧记】 punctual a. 守时的，准时的‖unpunctual a. 不守时的‖punch n. 一束(组)

　　10.    impose vt. 把……强加于……，加重……负担，征收(税款)

　　【巧记】 imposition n. 强加，征税‖impossible a. 不可能的，办不到的

　　【搭配】 impose sth. on…把……强加于……

　　11.    excuse vt. 原谅，宽恕n. 借口，理由

　　【巧记】 excusive a. 排列的，排斥的，独占的，排它的

　　【搭配】 excuse sb. for…因……而原谅……‖find an excuse for…为……找借口‖have an

　　excuse for…为……作辨解

　　【辨析】 excuse, forgive, pardon

　　excuse 口语，指原谅一个人的过失或疏忽，尤指社交上礼节上的失礼行为；pardon 语气最强，指饶恕严重的过失或法律上的犯罪；forgive 指宽恕一种错误行为。

　　12.    foundation n. 建设，基础，基金会

　　【巧记】 found vt. 奠定……基础，创办‖unfounded a. 没有基础的，没有根据的‖fountain n. 喷泉

　　【搭配】 have no foundation 无根基‖lay a foundation for 为……打下基础‖without foundation 无根据地

　　【辨析】 foundation, basis, base, ground

　　base任何物体的抵部，基部；foundation 仅指建筑物深埋于地下的地基；ground 指地面上的部分或作为某种决定，辩论的基础；basis指抽象的无形基础，百此时也可用foundation 或 ground。

　　13.    sincere a. 诚恳的，诚挚的

　　【巧记】 sincerely ad. 诚实地，真诚地‖sincerity n. 诚恳，诚挚

　　【搭配】 in all sincerity 非常诚恳地

　　14.    confuse vt. 使混乱，混淆

　　【巧记】 confused a. 混乱的，慌乱的‖confusable a. 可以被弄乱的‖confusion n. 混乱‖confused a. 混乱地‖confusedness n. 混乱，慌乱

　　【搭配】 be confused with 与……混乱在一起‖be thrown into confusion 陷入混乱之中‖in confusion 混乱地

　　【辨析】 confusing, confused

　　前者为现在分词表示“使……困惑”，后者为过去分词表示“被弄糊涂的”。

　　15.    insecure v. 使不安全

　　【巧记】 insecurity n. 不安全，不安全感

　　16.    principle n. 原理，原则，信念

　　【巧记】  principal a. 重要的，主要的n. 校长，本金‖principled a. 有原则的‖unprincipled a. 没有原则的

　　【搭配】 in principle 原则上‖on principle 根据原则，按照原则

　　核心词组

　　bring up 养育 　　　　　　　set up 创立，产生

　　tempt to do 引诱专做……　　　for oneself 亲自

　　vary in 在……不同 　　　　　as regards 至于……

　　grow confused 变糊涂了 　　　to some extent 到某种程度

　　科技类文章

　　Passage 1

　　科技类文章。有些科学家认为，除非人类花钱去侦察，并阻止小行星，否则某颗小行星迟早会与地球相撞。用核武器帮忙来做这件事，可能会使人类对于小行星撞地球的恐惧远远小于对核武器的恐惧。

　　Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids (小行星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists。

　　Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteorites (流星) that race across the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don’t threaten us. But there are also thousands whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth。

　　But $50 million worth of new telescopes right now. Then spend $10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks. By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we’ll have a way to change its course。

　　Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons. But the cost wouldn’t be cheap。

　　Is it worth it? Two things exports consider when judging any risk are: 1) How likely the event is; and 2) How bad the consequences if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 500,000 years. Sounds pretty rare-but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world. “If we don’t take care of these big asteroids, they’ll take care of us,” says one scientist. “It’s that simple。”

　　The cure, though, might be worse than the disease. Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth?” The world has less to fear from doomsday (毁灭性) rocks than from a great nuclear fleet set against them,” said a New York Times article。

　　核心词汇

　　1.       spot n. 斑点，污点，地点，场所vt. 认出，发现，玷污vi. 沾上污点

　　【巧记】 sport n. 运动，体育‖spotlight n. 聚光灯，焦点

　　【搭配】 be spotted with 点缀，弄脏‖a spot of 少量，少许‖in a spot 处境困难‖on the spot 当场，在现场

　　【真题】 The tomato juice left brown    on the front of my jacket. (CET—4,1999,1)

　　(A) spot     (B) point     (C) track     (D) trace

　　答案： A。

　　句意： 西红柿汁在线的夹克前胸处留下褐色的痕迹。

　　【辨析】 spot, dot

　　上述两个词表示“点”，但spot 指面上的一个圆圈或圆形，也指污点或斑点，而dot 指很小的圆点，小数点。

　　2.       destroy vt. 破坏，毁灭，消灭，杀死

　　【巧记】 destruction n. 破坏，毁灭，消灭‖destructible a. 易破坏的‖deploy v. 布置‖destructively ad. 破坏的‖destruct v. 破坏‖destructiveness 破坏性

　　【搭配】 be destroyed by 毁于……

　　【辨析】 destroy, demolish, ruin, break

　　destroy 破坏可指具体或抽象的东西；demolish 具体的东西，建筑物被破坏失

　　去；ruin 毁灭，程度深到无用或不存在；break 破坏，语气较轻，无论东西大不、有形无形均可用。

　　3.       version n. 形式，式样，版本，译本

　　【巧记】 verse n. 诗句‖versatile a. 多才多艺的，多功能的‖versus prep. ……对……，与……相对(比)，尤指在竞赛中

　　4.       orbit n. 轨道，势力范围v. 环绕轨道运转

　　【巧记】 orbital a. 轨道的

　　5.       threaten vt. 威胁，恐吓

　　【巧记】 threat n. 威胁，恐吓，凶兆‖threateningly ad. 威胁地

　　【搭配】 a treat to sb./sth. 对……的威胁

　　6.       collision n. 碰撞，冲突

　　【巧记】 collide vi. 猛撞，碰撞，冲突，抵触

　　【搭配】 come into collision with 跟……相撞，同……冲突‖in collision 相撞，在冲突中

　　7.       worth a. 值…… n. 何值……

　　【巧记】 worthwhile a. 值得做‖worthy a. 值得注意的

　　【搭配】 be worth dong sth. 值得一做‖be worthwhile doing/to do 值得做‖be worthy of 值……

　　【辨析】 worth, worth while, worthy

　　worth 指东西本身的真正价值，用作表语后面跟名词或动名词 The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读，注意： worth 后面不能用 “being read”！;

　　worth while 值得花时间和精力的；a worth while effort. 值得的努力；

　　worth 有价值的、很好的或值得的，指有价值或重要性，也指对某事有资格的或合适的。His speech is worthy of praise. 他的发言值得表扬。

　　8.       locate v. 找出，查出，设置在，位于

　　【巧记】 local a. 地方的，当地的，局部的‖location n. 位置，地点，测量，定位‖lock n. 锁v. 锁住

　　【搭配】 be located in…＝lie in 存在于

　　【例句】 Our school is located in the center of the city。

　　句意： 我们的学校在市中心。

　　【辨析】 location, position, plot

　　location 指和环境有关的地点，或有某种特征而引人注目的地方；position 指相对于某个参照物而言，主体所在的方位；plot 指小块土地，一块地皮。

　　9.       fatal a. 致命的，关键的

　　【巧记】 fate n. 命运‖fatality n. 致命性‖fatalish n. 宿命论者

　　【搭配】 be fatal to 对……是致命的

　　【辨析】 fateful, fatal

　　fateful 命运攸关的，决定性的；fatal 致命的，毁灭性的。

　　10.    favor n. 赞赏，偏袒，善行vt. 偏爱，赞同

　　【巧记】 favo(u)rable a. 赞同的，有利的，满意的‖faro(u)rite a. 最喜欢的，中意的，心爱的n. 最喜欢的人(物)

　　【搭配】 do sb. the favo(u)r of 帮……付了‖in favoavo(u)r of 赞成，支持，有助于‖be favo(u)rable to 赞成‖be favo(u)rable for 对某事有利‖be faro(u)rite with sb. 受……喜欢的人

　　11.    expert n. 专家能力a. 熟练的，内行的

　　【巧记】 experiment n. 实验，试验‖expertise n. 专门知识，专长‖expertize v. 对……作专业性的评论‖expire v. 期满，失效，专世‖expertly ad. 熟练地‖expertness n. 熟练

　　【搭配】 expert(s) in (at, on) ……面的专家‖be expert in (at, on) ……熟练于

　　【辨析】 proficient, expert, skilled, skillful, masterly

　　proficient 指经过训练达到娴熟的程度；expert 精通某方面的工作知识；skilled 熟悉和掌握了做某项工作的细，而精于此事；skillful 从事某项工作中表现得既熟练又灵巧。

　　12.    risk n./vt. 冒风险

　　【巧记】 riskful a. 危险的‖riskless a. 无危险的‖risky a. 危险的，冒险的

　　【搭配】 at all risks/at any risk 无论如何‖run/take a risk 冒险‖at the risk of 冒着……的危险‖risk doing sth. 冒风险做……

　　【辨析】 risk, danger, hazard

　　risk 指遭遇危险，受损失或伤害等的可能性和偶然性，主动地专冒风险；danger 指可能存在的危险，但不确定；hazard 书面用语，可以指risk, 也可以指danger。

　　13.    consequence n. 结果，后果

　　【巧记】 consequent a. 作为结果的，随之发生的‖consequential a. 必然的，重要的‖consequently ad. 因而，所以

　　【搭配】 in consequence 因此，结果‖in consequence of 由于……的缘故‖as a consequence 因此，结果

　　【辨析】 consequence, effect, result

　　consequence 随某一事情而产生的必然结果，后果；effect 同原因有联系而直接产生的结果或效果；result 按计划而得到的结果。

　　14.    strike n. 罢工，打击，攻击vt. 敲击，打，攻击，突然伤害vi. (钟)鸣响，按时，袭击

　　【巧记】 strife n. 纷争，冲突，竞争‖stride vi. 大踏步走，跨越‖striker n. 打击者，参加罢工者‖striking a. 引人注目的，显著的

　　【搭配】 be strike with 突然产生(想法等) ……‖strike at 打击，攻击‖strike down 击倒，打跑，划掉，所请

　　【辨析】 beat, hit, strike, pound

　　beat 连续的“打”，毒打某人；hit 对某事物重重地一击，受欢迎的事物；strike 见字条；pound 用手或其他物品在某件东西上一再重击。

　　15.    cure vt. 治愈，治好，清除，矫正n. 治愈，治疗

　　【巧记】 pure a. 纯真的‖mature a. 成熟的‖cureless a. 无法医治的‖curb v. 控制，约束‖curiosity n. 好奇，古董，古玩‖curious a. 好奇的

　　【搭配】 a cure for a disease 一种疗法‖cure sb. of…治愈某人的(病)矫正某人的(坏习惯等)

　　【辨析】 cure, treat, heal

　　cure 后面加入“人”或“病”，强调“治愈”的结果；treat 后接“人”或“病”，只指“治疗”的过程；heal 后接“人”或“病”，多指处伤的治愈。

　　核心词组

　　crash into…撞击，碰上                   push…off…使……推离

　　as we know if…正如我们所知道的          sounds pretty rare 听起来很少见

　　far from 远离                            take care of 照顾，护理，注意

　　have a way to do sth. 有做……事的方法      set against 施加于，带来

　　(总字数：459；单词：237；中文：222)

　　Passage 2

　　科技类说明文。作者在文章开头提到了视觉错觉。能有助于减少高速公路上的事故。日本的成功经验是在本国的一些道路上面一种“人字形”线，而这种“人字形”线可以使司机产生车速太快的错觉。人们常说“十起事故，九起快”，当司机们由于这种错觉而放慢车速的话，事故自然减少了。美国也在尝试这种作法。作者将“人字形”线与原来常用的“水平条”线进行对比，从而得出原因，即“人字形”线使驾驶员产生车速太快的错觉，是因为道路看上去比实际的道路要窄，从而减速。

　　Believe it or not, optical illusion (错觉悟) can cut highway crashes。

　　Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion. Bent stripes, called chevrons (人字形) painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down。

　　Now the American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D. C. is planning to repeat Japan’s success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes。

　　Excessive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents, according to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed related hazards are the greatest curves, exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges。

　　Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars。

　　Chevrons, scientists say, not only give drivers the impression that they are driving faster than they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower, the result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents。

　　核心词汇

　　1.        optical a. 视觉的，光学的

　　【巧记】 opt v. 选择‖optimal a. 乐观的‖optimism n. 乐观，乐观主义‖optimistic a. 乐观的，乐观主义的‖optimize vi./vt. 乐观，乐观地对待‖option n. 选择，供选择的事物‖optional a. 可任意选择地

　　2.        reduce vt. 减少，贬低vi. 减少

　　【巧记】 reduction n. 减少，缩减‖reductionism n. 简化‖redudancy n. 过多，多余，多

　　余的事物‖redudant a. 多余的，冗余的‖redudantly ad. 多余地，过剩地

　　【辨析】 decrease, reduce, diminish, lessen

　　decrease 减少，减小，指程度、数量逐渐减少或下降；diminish 缩减，减少，渐渐地，匀速地减少；reduce 指大小，数量，程度上的缩小，减小，也可以指地位，重要性等到降低；lessen 减少，减轻一般不与肯定，具体的数字连用，可用于抽象的事物。

　　3.        simple a. 朴素的，简朴的，简易的，纯真的

　　【巧记】 simplify vt. 简化‖simply ad. 仅仅，只简单，完全

　　【搭配】 pure and simple 只是，肯定

　　【辨析】 simple, easy

　　simple 强调内容不复杂，因而轻易便能做到或理解；easy 表示不用劳动便能做到或理解。

　　4.        association n. 协会，社团，联合，合作，联想

　　【巧记】 assistant a. 帮助的n. 助于，助教‖associate vt./vi. 使发生联系，交往n. 同事，伙伴‖associable a. 可以联想的‖associated a. 联合的‖dissociable a. 可分离的，不调和的‖associational a. 协会的，社团的‖disassociation n. 分离；离群

　　【搭配】 associate with 与……交往‖in association with 与……在一起；与……联合

　　【真题】 A healthy life is freguently thought to be    with the open countryside and homegrown food. (CET—4,1996,6)

　　(A) tied     (B) bound     (C) involved     (D) associated

　　答案： D。

　　句意： 健康的生活强调的方针和自家产的食物联系起来。

　　【辨析】 associate, connect, join, combine

　　associate 指心里也通过联想而“联想”；connect “连结”起来，如connect…with/to; join直接地连接，加入，如join…to; join the army; combine 为一个目的而把两个以上东西混合在一起。

　　5.        success n. 成功，成就，胜利

　　【巧记】 succeed vi. 成功‖successful a. 成功的‖succession n. 连续，接连发生‖successor n. 继承人‖successive a. 连接的

　　【搭配】 with success 成功地

　　be successful in/at 在……获得成功‖a succession of 连续的，一系列的‖succeed in sth./doing 作……很成功

　　6.        excessive a. 过多的，过分的，过度的

　　【巧记】 excess n. 超越，过量‖excessively ad. 过分地

　　【搭配】 in excess of 超过……‖to excess 过度，极端地

　　【辨析】 excessive, extreme, extravagant

　　excessive 过多的，过分的，极度的，指数量或范围大到了不合理的地步；extreme 极度的，极端的，有夸张之意，暗示过分接近或趋向于最大程度之意；extravagant 用于形容消费上的挥霍，浪费。

　　7.        accident n. 意外事件，事故

　　【巧记】 accidental a. 意外的，偶然发生的‖accidentally ad. 意外地‖incident n. 事件‖

　　accidented a. 偶然的

　　【搭配】 by accident 偶然

　　【辨析】 accident, happening, incident

　　accident 意外之事，如车祸、火灾导致的；happening 指偶然发生的奇怪的事件；incident 小事件，政治事件或事变。

　　8.        conduct n. 行为，表现，品行v. 引导，指挥，处理，传导

　　【巧记】conductible a. 能传导的‖conductibility n. 传导性‖conduction n. 传导‖conductive a. 传导性的‖conductivith n. 传导性‖conductor n. 售票员，列车员‖conductorial a. 导体的‖conductress n. 女售票员，女指挥‖product n. 产品

　　【搭配】 under the conduct of 在……指导管理‖conduct sb. over sth. 在……方面指导某人

　　【辨析】 conduct, direct, guide, lead

　　conduct 指导，引导，指挥；direct 指点，指引，并无强加之意；guide 听众一起去做。向导，导引，带领；lead 领导，将……领到……如lead sb. to some place。

　　9.        relate vt. 使有联系，叙述vi. 与……有关系

　　【巧记】 relation n. 家人，亲戚，叙述‖relational a. 有关系的‖relationship n. 关系，亲属关系‖relative a. 相对的，相关的n. 亲人‖relatively ad. 相对地

　　【搭配】 in/with relation to 关于，涉及

　　【辨析】 relation, relative

　　现代英语中多用relative 表示“亲属，亲属关系”，直系亲属用relation 远房亲戚多用relative。

　　10.    hazard n. 危险，危害vt. 冒……的危险

　　【巧记】 hazardous a. 危险的

　　【搭配】 at hazard 危险中，胡乱地‖at all hazards 冒一切风险

　　11.    horizontal a. 水平的，地平线的

　　【巧记】 horizon n. 地平线，水平线‖horizontality n. 水平状态‖horizontally ad. 水平地

　　【搭配】 horizontal line 地平线‖broaden one’s horizon 开阔眼界‖on the horizon 在地平线上

　　12.    initially ad. 最好地，开始地

　　【巧记】 initia a. 最初的，开放的n. 首字母‖initial a. 最好的，开始的‖initiate v. 开始，发动‖initiation n. 开始，创始‖initiative n. 创始a. 初步的

　　13. impression n. 印象，感想

　　【巧记】 impress vt. 给……以印象‖impressive a. 感人的，给人以印象深刻的‖impressively ad. 感人地

　　【搭配】 have/under the impression that…有……的印象‖have a deep impression on sb. 给……留下了深刻的印象‖make an impression on/upon sb. 给……留下印象

　　14.   appear vt. 出现，好像，露出

　　【巧记】 appearance n. 出现，外貌，样子‖disappear v. 消失

　　【搭配】 appear as 作为……而出现‖in appearance 看起来，外貌上‖at first appearance 初看起来‖to all appearances 显然

　　【辨析】 appearance, aspect, look

　　appearance 强调事物的总体印象；aspect 指事物的部分外观，方面；look 相貌，看起来的样子。

　　核心词组

　　a case in point 一个重要的例子        play a major role in 在……方面起了很重要的作用

　　slow down 放慢速度        the number of ……的数目，(后面接可数名词的复数形式)

　　(总字数：469；单词：283；中文：186)

　　Passage 3

　　科技类说明文。奶油为什么比黄油更容易变坏？有研究人员发现其原因在于食物的结构而不是食物的化学组成。这一发现能有助于在加工食品时避免使用化学防腐剂。后面是对奶油和黄油的结构进行分析。两者的构成成份相同，只是奶油中的脂肪小球体悬浮于水分子的海洋中，而黄油中的水分子的小球体悬浮在脂肪分子的海洋里。然而细菌的繁殖喜欢在前者的环境中进行，于是作者为我们揭开了谜底。

　　Why does cream go bad faster than butter? Some researchers think they have the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical a finding that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives. (rid…of 相当于without)

　　Cream and butter contain pretty much the same substances. So why cream should sour much faster has been a mystery. Both are emulsions tiny globules (小球) of one liquid evenly distributed throughout another. The difference lies in what’s in the globules and what’s in the surrounding liquid, says Brocklehurst, who led the investigation。

　　In cream, fatty globules drift about in a sea of water. In butter, globules of a watery solution are locked away in a sea of fat. The bacteria which make the food go bad prefer to live in the watery regions of the mixture. “This means that in cream, the bacteria are free to grow throughout the mixture,” he says。

　　When the situation is reversed, the bacteria are locked away in compartments (密封仓) buried deep in the sea of fat. Trapped in this way, individual colonies cannot spread and rapidly run out of nutrients. They also slowly poison themselves with their waste products. “In butter, you get a self-limiting system which stops the bacteria growing,” says Brocklehurst。

　　The researchers are already working with food companies keen to see if their products can be made resistant to bacterial attack through alterations to the food’s structure. Brocklehurst believes it will be possible to make the emulsions used in salad cream, for instance, more like that in butter. The key will be to do this while keeping the salad cream liquid and not turning it into a solid lump。

　　核心词汇

　　1.       structure n. 结构，建筑物

　　【巧记】 struggle a. 构成的，组织的‖struggle vi. 挣扎，拼命，努力

　　【搭配】 key structure 重要结构，关键结构‖structural alterations to a building 建筑结构上的变化

　　【辨析】 build, construct, erect, found

　　build vt. 建设，建造；construct 书面语，较大复杂程度的建造；erect 建立，建起同build；found 创立，特指创立国家法制等。

　　2.       chemical a. 化学的n。(pl。) 化学制品

　　【巧记】 chemist n. 化学家(英)药剂师‖chemistry n. 化学

　　【搭配】chemical change 化学变化‖chemical combination 化合(作用)‖chemical composition 化学成分；化学组成‖chemical plant 化学工厂

　　【辨析】 drug medicine, chemical

　　medicine 药，医学，医术；drug 药，毒品；chemical 见字条后中文注释。

　　3.       processed n. 过程，进程，诉讼vt. 加工，处理

　　【巧记】 processing n. 加工，处理‖procession n. 进行行列，队伍‖processional a. 列队行进的‖processor n. 处理器

　　4.       preservatives n. 防腐剂

　　【巧记】 preservation n. 保存；维持‖preserve v. 保存，保藏，防腐

　　5.       substance n. 物质，实质，本质，主要部分

　　【巧记】 substantial a. 相当的，重要的，坚实的，主要的‖substantially ad. 本质上，实质上，部分地

　　【搭配】 in substance 本质上，大体‖have substance 有道理

　　【辨析】 substance, matter, material

　　substance 具有特殊性能的物质或具体物质类型；matter 强调宇宙中的物质同substance; material 强调大自然的材料、原料。

　　6.       mystery n. 神秘，神秘的事

　　【巧记】 mysterious a. 神秘的，可疑的，难以理解的‖mystify v. 使神秘化‖myth n. 神话，虚构的故事‖mythology n. 神话‖fable n. 寓言‖fairy tale n. 童话‖fiction n. 幻想小说‖legend n. 传奇故事

　　【搭配】 be a mystery to sb. (某人) 不能理解

　　7.       distribute v. 分配，分发，分送

　　【巧记】 distributed a. 分布式的‖distribution n. 分发，分配，散布，分布‖distributive a. 分发的，分配的‖distributor n. 批发商，经销商

　　8.       investigation n. 调查

　　【巧记】 investigate v. 调查研究‖investigator n. 调查者

　　【搭配】 carry on investigation 经过调查‖under investigation 在调查中

　　9.       bacterium n. 细菌(pl。) bacteria

　　10.    prefer v. 更喜欢，宁愿

　　【巧记】 preferable a. 更可能的，更好的‖preference n. 偏爱，喜爱‖preferably ad. 更可能的‖preferential a. 优先的，特惠的

　　【搭配】prefer…over…喜欢……胜过……‖prefer…to…喜欢……而不是……‖prefer…rather than…宁愿……而不愿……‖be preferable to…比……更可能‖in preference to sb./sth. 而不取某人/某物

　　【辨析】 preference, choice

　　preference 按照自己喜爱进行选择；choice 自由选择，不论选择方式或多少。

　　11.    mean v. 表示，意味着……，意指…… n. 平均数a. 吝啬的，自私的

　　【巧记】 meaning n. 意义，含义‖meaningless a. 无意的‖means n. 手段方法，财产，

　　收入(means 是集合名词，单复同形)‖meantime ad. 其时，当时，同时

　　【搭配】 mean sb. to do sth. 想要某人干……‖mean doing sth. 意味着做……‖mean to do sth. 打算做……‖be mean about/over/with sth. 在……方面很小气‖by all means 务必‖by any means 无论如何‖by mean of 用，依靠‖by no means 决不

　　【辨析】 1. meaning, implication, sense

　　meaning 意义，意图，目的；implication 含义，暗示，联想；sense 词，话语的含义或意义。如make sense 合情理，行得通。

　　2. means, method, approach

　　means 单复同形表示手段。如a means, I means…; method 工作中固定的方法，为达目的而设计出的方法；approach 后面往往加介词 “to”表示对某种问题思考出的对付方法。

　　12.    reverse v. 颠倒，倒转，后退n./a。颠倒(的)；相反(的)

　　【巧记】 reversed a. 颠倒的，反向的‖revert v. 恢复，回复‖converse n./a. 相反

　　【辨析】 reverse, converse 两者意思相同，但词性不同。Reverse 可以作v. n. a. converse 只能作n. a。

　　13.    nutrient n. 养料

　　【巧记】 nutrition n. 营养，营养物‖nutritious a. 营养的，有营养的‖nutritive a. 有关营养的，滋养的

　　14.    resistant a. 抵抗的，反抗的

　　【巧记】 resist vt. 抵抗，反抗‖resistance n. 阻力，抵抗，电阻

　　【搭配】 be resistant to sth. 对……抵制

　　【辨析】 resist, withstand, contest, oppose, fight, combat, conflict

　　resist 公开抵制 如： resist the temptation. 抵制，诱惑；withstand 被动抵抗；contest 反驳某个观点；oppose 普通意义上的反对或抵抗；fight 指武力进攻、对抗；combat 强调为抵御进攻而进行的武力反抗；conflict 冲突，两股势力因误会或对立而产生的。

　　15.    alteration n. 变更，改变

　　【巧记】 altar n. 祭坛，圣坛‖alter vt. 改变，更改，改做(衣服)vi。变化‖alternate v. 交替，轮流a. 交替的，轮流的，间隔的‖alternately ad. 交替地‖alternative a. (两者中或更多)任选其一的，代替的，可替代的，可供选择的‖alternatively ad. (两者中)任选其一地‖alterable a. 可改变的

　　【辨析】 alter, change, vary

　　alter 常指局部的表面的变化；change 常指本质的彻底的变化；vary 指不断的变化从而产生一系列的差别。

　　核心词组

　　come down to 提到，追查到                 rid of…把……除去

　　lie in 存在于           go bad 变坏         be free to 自由自在地做……

　　run out of 耗尽，用光……                   turn…into…把……变为……

　　二、英语知识运用中常见的基础词汇

　　Use of English 1

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each numbered blank。

　　We often hear the   1   “Bug” while using computers. But what is a bug? In corrupter science, a bug   2   an error in software or hardware. In software, a bug is an error in coding or logic that causes a program to malfunction or to   3   incorrect results. Minor bugs, for example, a cursor that does not behave as   4   can be inconvenient or frustrating, but not damaging to  5 . More severe bugs can cause a program to “hang” stop responding to   6   and might   7   the user with no   8   but to restart the program, losing whatever   9   work had not been saved. In  10  case, the programmer must find and correct the error by the  11  known as debugging. Because of the  12  risk to important data, commercial application programs are tested and  13  as completely as possible before release. Minor bugs found after the program becomes  14  are corrected in the next update; more  15  bugs can sometimes be fixed with special software, called patches, that circumvents or otherwise  16  its effects。

　　In hardware, a bug is a recurring  17  problem that prevents a system or set of  18  from working together properly. The  19  of the term repeatedly goes back to the early days of computing, when a hardware problem in a computer at Harvard University was  20  to a moth caught between the contacts of a relay in the machine。

　　1.  (A) wording              (B) term               (C) diction              (D) insect

　　2.  (A) occurs to           (B) prefers to              (C) attributes to       (D) refers to

　　3.  (A) produce                (B) achieve                (C) recreate                (D) attain

　　4.  (A) expect                (B) expectation         (C) expecting         (D) expected

　　5.  (A) information         (B) material                (C) memory               (D) news

　　6.  (A) commands         (B) monitor                (C) control         (D) supervision

　　7.  (A) grant                (B) retain            (C) leave                (D) reward

　　8.  (A) alternative         (B) objective         (C) collective         (D) derivative

　　9.  (A) prestigious         (B) precarious         (C) previous         (D) precious

　　10. (A) both                   (B) either            (C) neither                (D) none

　　11. (A) process                (B) operation         (C) performance         (D) action

　　12. (A) promising         (B) potential         (C) prospective         (D) probable

　　13. (A) debugged         (B) analyzed         (C) released                (D) removed

　　14. (A) accessible         (B) affordable         (C) available         (D) adaptable

　　15. (A) minor         (B) major                (C) important         (D) severe

　　16. (A) alleviates                (B) worsens               (C) reduces                (D) enhances

　　17. (A) mental         (B) physical                (C) formal         (D) substantial

　　18. (A) compounds         (B) compositions         (C) components         (D) composure

　　19. (A) beginning         (B) start                (C) source         (D) origin

　　20. (A) tracked                (B) traced           (C) followed         (D) detected

　　答案：1. B  2. D  3. A  4. D  5. A  6. A  7. C  8. A  9. C  10. B  11. A  12. B  13. A  14. C  15. D  16. A  17. B  18. C  19. D  20. B

　　Use of English 2

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each numbered blank。

　　Ira Carlin, worldwide media director of the world’s   1   advertising agency, McCann Erickson is quite candid about using fear to sell his message about the communications revolution。

　　One prediction shows that 55 percent of advertising by volume will be carried on the Internet  2  2015. Consumers will have control and choice of communication; they will also have control over   3   advertisements they watch, and how. But that will only   4   to the “information enabled”， says Carlin. “There’ll be an upstairs-downstairs schism... The widening   5   between the information enabled and information disenabled is going to be a greater social problem   6   any seeming social problem we’ve ever had in the past,   7   racial and   8   problems。”

　　Look at what is already happening, Carlin says   9   in Manhattan, he can choose the way he receives his daily news. He can open his front door and pick up his own personal copy of the New York Times. He can  10  the radio station of the New York Times, and listen to the same news. “Or I can simply click into newyorktimes. com on the Internet and get the print  11 ; or hear the audio files or see the video  12  the New York Times stringers have supplied, through my computer. It’s the same news, but I choose the media modality。”

　　The revolution goes  13 . Carlin’s computer can currently stream videos to him at 22 frames per second,  14  the picture big enough to occupy one-quarter to one third of the monitor screen. “Six months from now, I guarantee it, I will be able to  15  a full-screen video at 30 frames per second. That means I’ll be watching television, but I’ll be getting it  16  a telephone connection. “McCann Detroit, says Carlin,  17  the world’s first video ad. in early 1997, on Pointcast. Poincast. com is a free news and information service, “fully  18  by advertising. “It was  19  in early 1996 and has 2.1 million subscribers in the US. Pointcast. com uses a special software program to work out  20  ads a person might be interested in, by monitoring their selection of news and information on the Net. “I do a lot of technology and marketing work,” says Carlin. “Because of that, the computer program thinks I’m rich. It sends me stockbroder ads and technology ads。”

　　1.       (A) large          (B) largest    (C) larger          (D) the largest

　　2.       (A) by            (B) at          (C) on          (D) in

　　3.       (A) that          (B) which     (C) who          (D) what

　　4.       (A) apply          (B) belong    (C) cater          (D) use

　　5.       (A) difference  (B) gap          (C) relationship  (D) distance

　　6.       (A) as             (B) to          (C) that          (D) than

　　7.       (A) include          (B) including  (C) included  (D) to include

　　8.       (A) economy  (B) economic  (C) economical  (D) economically

　　9.       (A) Living          (B) Live        (C) To live       (D) Lived

　　10.   (A) tune to          (B) turn in    (C) tune at          (D) turn on

　　11.   (A) electronically     (B) electronic  (C) electronics  (D) electron

　　12.   (A) who          (B) where     (C) that          (D) what

　　13.   (A) farther          (B) furthest  (C) farthest          (D) further

　　14.   (A) at             (B) without  (C) with          (D) within

　　15.   (A) accept          (B) admit      (C) recall          (D) receive

　　16.   (A) through          (B) throughout  (C) thorough  (D) thoroughly

　　17.   (A) put on          (B) put off         (C) put out          (D) put up

　　18.   (A) support          (B) to support  (C) supported  (D) supporting

　　19.   (A) set off          (B) set out         (C) set in  (D) set up

　　20.   (A) that          (B) what       (C) which          (D) who

　　答案：1. B  2. A  3. D  4. A  5. B  6. D  7. B  8. B  9. A  10. A  11. A  12. C  13. D  14. C  15. D  16. A  17. C  18. C  19. D  20. B

　　Use of English 3

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each numbered blank。

　　Today the official language of the United States and   1   of Canada is English. However, French   2   became the official language   3   a war. The French and Indian War   4   between 1754 and 1763. The name of this war is not   5   because the war was actually   6   England and France. The Indians fought   7   of the French。

　　France and England were trying to   8   control of North America. France   9   Canada, and England held part of  10  is now the United States. However, France tried to  11  its land  12  southward into New York, Pennsylvanis, Ohio, and Virginia. When the French built a fort  13  the Ohio River, the residents in Virginia sent George Washington to attack the fort in 1745.  14 , the French defeated Washington。

　　The French,  15  by the Indians, outsmarted the English and won many early battles.  16 , the British began to do well  17  the French. In the final battle in Quebec, Canada, General Wolfe of England  18  General Montcalm from France.  19  generals died in this battle, but the English outlasted the French and won the battle.  20 , most of North America today has the English culture and language。

　　1.       (A) most          (B) majority          (C) plenty          (D) lot

　　2.       (A) largely          (B) already            (C) almost            (D) mostly

　　3.       (A) by means of  (B) because of    (C) according to          (D) through

　　4.       (A) fought          (B) was fighting          (C) has fought          (D) was fought

　　5.       (A) accurate          (B) indefinable          (C) serious            (D) indefinite

　　6.       (A) among          (B) within             (C) between          (D) inside

　　7.       (A) for the side  (B) on the side        (C) for the part        (D) on the part

　　8.       (A) gain          (B) demand          (C) request          (D) remain

　　9.       (A) earned          (B) held                (C) mastered          (D) kept

　　10.   (A) which          (B) that                (C) where            (D) what

　　11.   (A) stretch          (B) widen             (C) expand            (D) lengthen

　　12.   (A) moved          (B) to move              (C) move              (D) moving

　　13.   (A) on            (B) in                 (C) above          (D) among

　　14.   (A) Therefore  (B) However          (C) Although          (D) Hence

　　15.   (A) to be aided  (B) aided          (C) was aiding     (D) aiding

　　16.   (A) Later          (B) Lately             (C) Lastly             (D) Late

　　17.   (A) opposite          (B) towards          (C) against          (D) over

　　18.   (A) faced          (B) facing             (C) was faced          (D) to face

　　19.   (A) Either          (B) Both               (C) But                 (D) Thus

　　20.   (A) Yet            (B) Though          (C) But         (D)Thus

　　答案：1. A  2. C  3. B  4. D  5. A  6. C  7. B  8. A  9. B  10. D  11. C  12. D  13. A  14. B  15. B  16. A  17. C  18. A  19. B  20. D

　　Use of English 4

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each numbered blank。

　　On the night of he play, Albert was at the hall early and he was already made-up long before the end of the first act. He certainly looked the part all right, he thought as he   1   himself   2   the mirror. He even   3   if he should go out into the street to see what   4   he made on people out there. Just for a   5  , of course!

　　Then he was seized with a sudden attack of stage fright. How could he   6   all those people   7 the audience? He put his head in his hands and tried to   8   his lines. He had only a very small part, but his mind was a complete   9  。

　　A  10  on the door made him  11 . He felt really alarmed. He was due to go to stage in the second act. Had he missed his entrance and  12  the play for everybody? But it was only the producer, who noticed what a state he was in. She  13  he should go and stand near the stage where he could watch the play and follow in his script at the same time. It was a good way of getting  14  his nervousness, she said. She was right. It seemed to  15 . In fact, the more he watched the play, the more he became involved in it, so that he began to  16  himself part of it。

　　At last the moment came for him to go on stage. But suddenly the producer was by his  17  again. This time she looked worried as she placed a hand on his arm to restrain him  18 . “I’m afraid you’re going  19 ,” She said. “They’ve jumped three pages of the script and have  20  your part out completely。”

　　1.       (A) admired         (B) flattered                  (C) gazed          (D) showed

　　2.       (A) on            (B) with               (C) at                 (D) in

　　3.       (A) thought          (B) wondered          (C) hoped            (D) felt

　　4.       (A) force          (B) image             (C) impression         (D) reaction

　　5.       (A) fun          (B) game              (C) joke               (D) play

　　6.       (A) appear          (B) face                (C) meet              (D) see

　　7.       (A) between          (B) of                  (C) with          (D) in

　　8.       (A) learn          (B) refresh            (C) remember         (D) remind

　　9.       (A) blank          (B) gap                 (C) omission         (D) space

　　10.   (A) bump          (B) crash              (C) knock            (D) noise

　　11.   (A) to look up  (B) look up          (C) looking  (D) looked up

　　12.   (A) delayed          (B) ended             (C) ruined            (D) lengthened

　　13.   (A) ordered          (B) reminded          (C) suggested         (D) told

　　14.   (A) at             (B) over               (C) away             (D) through

　　15.   (A) do            (B) manage          (C) win               (D) work

　　16.   (A) push          (B) feet                (C) realize            (D) anticipate

　　17.   (A) shoulded          (B) side                 (C) back               (D) place

　　18.   (A) on            (B) off                  (C) out          (D) back

　　19.   (A) to disappoint  (B) to have disappointed (C) to be disappointed (D) have disappointed

　　20.   (A) forgotten          (B) lost                  (C) missed              (D) omitted

　　答案：1.A  2. D  3. B  4. C  5. C  6. B  7. D  8. C  9. A  10. C  11. B  12. C  13. C  14. B  15. D  16. B  17. B  18. D  19. C  20. C

　　三、写作部分中常见的基础词汇

　　1. 邀请信

　　例文

　　Dear Prof. Wang,

　　I am writing to invite you to attend a conference. The conference on English Teaching Reform will be held in our university next Wednesday. As you are one of the most famous professors and have done much research in the field, we would like to invite you to give us a speech on the topic。

　　Enclosed is our schedule for the conference. If you can come, please call us at (010)66878126 and tell us what you need. I can assure you that we will make everything convenient。

　　Sincerely yours,

　　Li Ming

　　2. 自我介绍信

　　例文

　　Dear Tom,

　　Hi ! My name is Li Ming. I am very glad to have this chance to write to you and become pen pals。

　　Let me first introduce myself. I am currently working as a computer programmer in a large company. I graduated from Beijing Normal University with a Bachelor’s degree in computer science in July 2005. While I enjoy my current job, I am interested in pursuing a Master’s degree. My hobbies include listening to pop music, playing the piano and playing tennis. I am also very interested in traveling, and have visited every province in China at least once。

　　Let me finish here. I am already eagerly awaiting your reply to this first letter. Please tell me all about yourself and your interests. I hope that we can become good friends。

　　Sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　3. 求职信

　　例文

　　Dear Sir or Madam,

　　Having seen your advertisement in today’s China Daily for a translator, I can’t wait to write this application for the post because I think I have the qualifications you are seeking。

　　I am Li Ming. I graduated five years ago from Tsing Hua University, and majored in applied linguistics. I got a BA degree in 2000. I am now teaching English at a college in Beijing. Meanwhile, I also try to improve my English level as well. I once received six months training of translating skills and successfully obtained the certificate for translator of the top level. I am responsible for every task I take I am energetic and easy-going. I trust that you and your colleagues will find my service satisfactory if I have the honor to be accepted。

　　I would be grateful if you could grant me an interview. For your convenience, I enclose my resume. I am looking forward to your favorable reply。

　　Sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　4. 推荐信

　　例文

　　Dear Sir /Madam,

　　I have learned from your newspaper advertisement that your center is organizing an international summer camp for overseas teenagers, and are looking for assistant tutor to work with the children. I am writing to you to recommend one of my best friends, Helen Wang, for this post。

　　Helen used to be my classmate at Beijing Normal University. She was a very active organizer and participant in all kinds of activities. Busy as she was, she passed the college English Band Six. Now she is teaching English. What’s more, she loves her job and enjoys working with children。

　　Therefore, I do not hesitate to recommend her as an ideal candidate for the post you advertised. I am sure you will make a wise decision if you hire her。

　　Sincerely yours,

　　Li Ming

　　5. 欢迎词

　　Good morning, ladies and gentlemen,

　　It is a great honor for me to extend a warm welcome to the distinguished guests who have come all the way from England to attend the meeting。

　　Our staff will do their best to make your stay comfortable. After the banquet they will introduce you to our campus and making preparations for the meeting tomorrow. Please do not hesitate to tell us if you have any request。

　　I sincerely hope that your journey will be pleasant and meaningful。

　　6. 答谢词

　　Good morning, ladies and gentlemen,

　　First of all, please permit me, on behalf of all the members of my group, to express our thanks to you for your kind invitation to visit your school. Thank you for giving us such a warm welcome。

　　Your school is one of the famous universities in the USA. We feel greatly honored to have such a nice chance to visit it today。

　　We are sure that our short stay here will be rich and colorful. We would like to exchange experience in study with American students, and what’s more, we wish our American friends would give us some advice on how to learn English well。

　　Thank you again for your warm welcome。

　　7. 描述一家机构常用句型

　　表示成立于：be founded in/on,   be established in/on,   be set up in/on

　　表示位于：  be located at/on/in/by,  be situated at/on/in/by

　　表示组成构成：be made up of,  be composed of,  consist of,  be combined in/into

　　表示规模：   have a staff of …,   have … employees/students,   have … branches,  have … multinational subsidiaries (子公司)

　　表示业务范围：(be) specialize(d) in,  be devoted to , offer services in,  deal in

　　表示特征： be a world leader in, be experienced in,  be well-known as, be famous for

　　8. 海报

　　写作要点

　　1)  内容(如：讲座)

　　2)      时间

　　3)      地点

　　4)      出海报的部门

　　海报常用词语

　　1)      PS = Please

　　2)      VS = versus

　　3)      Admission free

　　4)      Fare

　　5)      All are warmly welcome

　　6)      Come and cheer for them

　　例文

　　( 一 )

　　A lecture on American literature will be given by Professor Li Ming from Beijing University。

　　Place: School gym

　　Time: 7:00 p.m. November 15 ( Wednesday )

　　All are welcome!

　　Students’ Union

　　( 二 )

　　INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALL MATCH

　　China  vs  Germany

　　Place: Capital Gymnasium

　　Time: 3.30 p.m. , April 28,2006

　　Please apply at Reception Office for tickets。

　　Come and cheer for them!

　　( 三 )

　　说明：根据下列信息，以学生会(the Students’ Union)的名义写一张通告。

　　应广大学生的要求，学生会邀请著名跨国公司(BSC Company)中国公司的人力资源部Human Resources Department经理Mrs.Tailor来校为全体学生开设讲座。

　　1.  内容：如何为应聘面试作准备

　　2.  时间：5月22日晚 7：00-8：30

　　3.  地点：多媒体(Multi-media)教学大楼320教室

　　希望广大学生，特别是即将毕业求职的学生前往听讲。

　　Notice

　　Mrs.Tailor, manager of Human Resources Department of BSC Company, the famous multinational company in the world, will give a lecture on Preparation for an Interview at 7:00 p.m. on May 22. The lecture that will last one and a half hours will be held in Room 320 of the Multi-media Building. All of the students, especially those who will graduate and apply for jobs, are invited to attend the lecture。

　　The Students’ Union

　　9。感谢信

　　例文

　　你每天乘车上下班。一天早上在上班的路上你突然病倒，失去知觉。同车的一位先生把你送到医院。给那位先生所在的公司写一封信表达你的感激之情。

　　Dear Sir or Madam,

　　I am writing this letter to extend my sincere thanks to Mr.Baker, the casher of your company。

　　I am a commuter and every day I take bus Route 133 to work. Last Friday morning when the bus almost reached the stop where I was to get off, I suddenly felt dizzy and then I lost my consciousness. When I came to, I found myself in St. Mary’s Hospital attended by my wife. The doctor told me it was Mr.Baker who had sent me to the hospital and informed my wife of my condition. Mr.Baker happened to be on the same bus, but I have never met him。

　　My wife and I were very much grateful to Mr.Baker for his kindness. Please forward my heartfelt thankfulness to him. We feel very much proud of your company for having such a good employee. If Mr.baker was late for work that day, I’d like to compensate you。

　　I do hope that your company would reward Mr.Baker for his noble deeds。

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　你刚从悉尼回来。在那里时你的朋友杰克逊先生给了你许多帮助。

　　给杰克逊先生写一封信，对他的好客与帮助表示感谢。

　　Dear Mr. Jackson,

　　I am writing this letter to thank you for the hospitality you gave me when I stayed in San Francesco。

　　It was the first time I have been to San Francisco. During my stay, you let me live in your house. You gave me some very good advice of where to visit. What is more, at the weekend, you drove me to the Bay Bridge and the Fisherman’ Wharf so that I had a wonderful time in the city。

　　I sincerely hope someday in the future when you come to Beijing for a visit, I could repay you for your kindness。

　　Once again, many thanks go to you。

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　10。致歉信

　　例文

　　你收到你朋友请你参加他结婚典礼的邀请信，但是那天你正与你的老板在加拿大因公出差。

　　给你的朋友写一封致歉信，对不能参加他的婚礼而道歉。

　　Dear He Guang,

　　Thank you very much for inviting me to take part in your wedding ceremony on Feb.12。

　　First of all, please accept my warmest and most sincere congratulations to you and Xiao Chun! But I have to ask for your forgiveness of not being able to turn up at the ceremony because on that day I will be in Canada with my boss on business. You know I have just come to this firm and I am the only secretary whose English is good enough to interpret for the boss. Therefore I just cannot tell the boss that I won’t go with him to Canada. What a pity it is to miss your wedding ceremony! What makes me feel even uneasier is that you came to my wedding last year! Well, to make up for the disappointment, I will visit you before I leave for Canada to present my greetings to you. I will give you a call beforehand。

　　Say hello to Xiao Chun。

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　11。投诉信与抱怨信

　　例文

　　你所住单元的一个水龙头漏水。你曾给房屋维修办公室打电话请他们来修理，他们答应了但始终没有人来。给学校领导写一封信关于这件事的投诉信。

　　Dear Sir or Madam,

　　I’m sorry to bother you with this letter。

　　For quite a few days the water tap in my kitchen has been leaking. It not only wastes the valuable water resource, but also makes big noise. I am now preparing my end-of-term paper, but the noise disturbs my work. In daytime I can’t concentrate myself, at night I can’t sleep well。

　　I have informed the maintenance office of the matter and they promised me they would come to fix it. Two days have passed and nobody ever comes。

　　Please help me solve the problem. I can’t endure it any more。

　　I look forward to a quick solution.       

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　12。美文赏析：

　　1.       ‘Television is doing irreparable harm’

　　‘Yes, but what did we use to do before there was television?’ How often we hear statements like this! Television hasn’t been with us all that long, but we are already beginning to forget what the world was like without it. Before we admitted the one-eyed monster into our homes, we never found it difficult to occupy our spare time. We used to enjoy civilized pleasures. For instance, we used to have hobbies, we used to entertain our friends and be entertained by them, we used to go outside for our amusements to theatres, cinemas, restaurants and sporting events. We even used to read books and listen to music and broadcast talks occasionally. All that belongs to the past. Now all our free time is regulated by the ‘goggle box’. We rush home or gulp down our meals to be in time for this or that program-me. We have even given up sitting at table and having a leisurely evening meal, exchanging the news of the day. A sandwich and a glass of beer will do-anything, providing it doesn’t interfere with the program-me. The monster demands and obtains absolute silenced and attention. If any member of the family dares to open his mouth during a programme, he is quickly silenced。

　　Whole generations are growing up addicted to the telly. Food is left uneaten, homework undone and sleep is lost. The telly is a universal pacifier. It is now standard practice for mother to keep the children quiet by putting them in the living-room and turning on the set. It doesn’t matter that the children will watch rubbishy commercials or spectacles of sadism and violence-so long as they are quiet。

　　There is a limit to the amount of creative talent available in the world. Every day, television consumes vast quantities of creative work. That is why most of the programs are so bad; it is impossible to keep pace with the demand and maintain high standards as well. When millions watch the same programs, the whole world becomes a village, and society is reduced to the conditions which obtain in pre-literate communities. We become utterly dependent on the two most primitive media of communication: pictures and the spoken word。

　　Television encourages passive enjoyment. We become content with second-hand experiences. It is so easy to sit in our armchairs watching others working. Little by little, television cuts us off from the real world. We get so lazy, we choose to spend a fine day in semi-darkness, glued to our sets, rather than go out into the world itself. Television may be a splendid medium of communication, but it prevents us from communicating with each other. We only become aware how totally irrelevant television is to real living when we spend a holiday by the sea or in the mountains, far away from civilization. In quiet, natural surroundings, we quickly discover how little we miss the hypnotic tyranny of King Telly。

　　中文

　　电视正在造成无法补救的损害

　　我们经常听到这样的感慨：“的确如此。不过，电视出现以前我们又在做什么呢？”我们与电视为伴的时间并不长，可是，我们已经逐渐忘记了没有电视的世界是个什么模样了。在我们把这个独眼怪物请进家门之前，我们从来都不觉得打发业余时间是什么难事。难事，那时，我们享受着种种优雅的乐趣。比如，我们有自己的业余爱好；我们在家里款待客人或者在朋友家里接受款待；我们去剧院、电影院、餐馆和体育馆竞赛现场娱乐消遣。我们也时常读读书，听听音乐和广播。但是，所有这一切都成为明日黄花了。如今我们所有的余暇都被电视这个“凸匣子”主宰着。我们心急燎火地赶回家，三口两口扒完饭，就为了赶上这个或那个节目。过去我们常常围坐在餐桌前，一边悠闲地用餐，一边交换着日间的所见所闻。我们现在连这个也放弃了。一个三明治、一杯啤酒，也就够了——管它是什么呢，只要不影响电视就行。而且，这个怪物还要求(并且也得到了)绝对的安静和注意力。要是某个家庭成员胆敢在播放电视节目的时候开口说话，大家一定会立即叫他闭嘴。

　　一代又一代人在对电视的迷恋中长大了，长成了电视迷。他们饭不吃，家庭作业不做，觉也不睡。电视成了万能的抚慰者。现在，为了让孩子们保持安静，母亲们的标准做法就是：把他们关在起居室里，然后打开电视。孩子们也许会看无聊的商业广告或是暴力和性虐待等场面，但是这些都无关紧要——只要他们规规矩矩呆着就行。

　　人类的创造才能是有限的，而电视每天都需要投入大量的创造性工作。这就是为什么多数电视节目如此糟糕的原因：电视节目不可能既保持高标准又满足观众的需求。当千千万万人观看同一个节目时，整个世界变成了一个村落，而人类社会也就退回到自己的蒙昧状态了。结果，我们的交流变得完全依赖于两种最原始的交流媒介——图画与话语。

　　电视还鼓励消极娱乐。我们越来越满足于间接经验。坐在带扶手的椅子里看着别人干活，这真是太惬意了！慢慢地，电视把我们和真实的世界隔绝开来。我们变得如此懒惰，宁愿在阳光明媚的日子里呆在灰暗的房间里，守着我们的电视机，也不愿走出去、走进真实的世界。或许电视的确是一种了不起的传播媒介，但是它阻止了我们相互之间的交流。只有当我们去远离人类文明的海边或者山中度过一个假期的时候，我们才意识到电视和真实生活是多么风马牛不相及。在静谧的自然环境里，我们很快就会发现，我们并不怀念“电视王”专横的催眠曲。

　　2.       ‘New fashions in clothing are created solely for the commercial exploitation of women’

　　Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognizable. There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age。

　　This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the years, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot by said for women. Each year a few so-called ‘top designers’ in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised。

　　If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually blackmailed by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear。

　　Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardy been worn. Women who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-lines are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on。

　　No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in out ward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, providing they look right. There are hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes。

　　When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to by drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide。

　　中文

　　创造服装新款式完全是为了对妇女进行商业榨取

　　每当你看一部老片子的时候——哪怕它只是在10年前拍的——片中女演员的外表都会给你留下深刻的印象：发式和化装过时了；裙子要么太长，要么太短；事实上，总的说来，她们的外表使人觉得有点滑稽。另一方面，片中男演员看上去却一点儿也不陌生。单凭他们的外表，我们怎么也看不出他们属于一个完全不同的时代。

　　这种错觉是由不断变化的时装造成的。多少年来，大多数男人成功地挫败了改变他们着装风格的种种企图。而对妇女来说情况就不同了。每次，几位来自巴黎或伦敦的所谓“顶尖设计师”定下律条，然后全世界的妇女都趋之若鹜。而设计师们的语言不仅专横，而且鬼神莫测。今年，他们的时装武断地规定：裙子要短，腰要高；拉链要“藏”，扣子要“露”。明年呢，法令整个儿颠倒过来了——而人们不仅不加挞伐，连眉毛也不抬一抬。

　　如果妇女们每年都受到无情的盘剥，她们也是咎由自取。只要想一想自己穿着过时的服装出现在大庭广众，她们就不寒而栗，因此她们年复一年地忍受设计师和大商店的讹诈。只是因为时尚不再，她们才穿过几次的服装就被束之高阁。想想看，只有妇女才会站在满橱的衣服前哀叹自己没有衣服可穿！

　　不断变化的服装时尚只不过是一种精心策划的浪费行为。许多妇女每年花费大量的金钱添置新衣，取代的却是一些几乎没有穿过的衣服。那些没有财力以这种方式淘汰服装的妇女则花费一小时有一小时的时间改造他们现有的服装。他们将衣服的下摆缩减或者放下，腰围收紧或者放宽，领口开得更高或者更低，等等等等，不一而足。

　　没有人会认为时装工业对社会真正作出过什么重要的贡献。对于服装至关重要的因素，如保暖、舒适、耐用等，服装设计师们很少关心。他们只对服装的外观感兴趣，因为他们深知，只要衣服的式样不坏，妇女们什么罪都能忍受。几乎每个男人在他的一生中都曾经面对这样的情景而忍俊不禁：一个妇女在数九寒天里穿着薄薄的衣衫瑟瑟发抖，或者穿着精制的鞋子款款地踏过深深的积雪。

　　如果从服装方面比较男人和女人，其结论昭然若揭。人们禁不住要问：妇女们日新月异的服装款式是否反映了水性杨花、朝秦暮楚这些基本品质呢？男人们则比较明智，不至于受时装设计师的宰割。他们以不变应万变的服装款式是否反应了一诺千金、持之以恒这些基本品质呢？断语由你来下。

　　3.       ‘Parents are too permissive with their children nowadays’

　　Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children, but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard. Freud and company did away with all that and parents have been bewildered ever since. The child’s happiness is all-important, the psychologists say, but what about the parents’ happiness? Parents suffer constantly from fear and guilt while their children gaily romp about pulling the place apart. A good old-fashioned spanking is out of the question: no modern child-rearing manual would permit such barbarity. The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout. Who knows what deep psychological wounds you might inflict? The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic experience. So it is that parents bend over backwards to avoid giving their children complexes which a hundred years ago hadn’t even been heard of. Certainly a child needs love, and a lot of it. But the excessive permissiveness of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good。

　　Psychologists have succeeded in undermining parents’ confidence in their own authority. And it hasn’t taken children long to get wind of the fact. In addition to the great modern classics on child care, there are countless articles in magazines and newspapers. With so much unsolicited advice flying about, mum and dad just don’t know what to do any more. In the end, they do nothing at all. So, from early childhood, the kids are in charge and parents’ lives are regulated according to the needs of their off spring. When the little dears develop into teenagers, they take complete control. Lax authority over the years makes adolescent rebellion against parents all the more violent. If the young people are going to have a party, for instance, parents are asked to leave the house. Their presence merely spoils the fun. What else can the poor parents do but obey?

　　Children are hardy creatures (far hardier than the psychologists would have us believe ) and most of them survive the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness which is the normal condition in the modern household. But a great many do not. The spread of juvenile delinquency in our own age is largely due to parental laxity. Mother, believing that little Johnny can look after himself, is not at home when he returns from school, so little Johnny roams the streets. The dividing-line between permissiveness and sheer negligence is very fine indeed。

　　The psychologists have much to answer for. They should keep their mouths shut and let parents get on with the job. And if children are knocked about a little bit in the process, it may not really matter too much. At least this will help them to develop vigorous views of their own and give them something positive to react against. Perhaps there’s some truth in the idea that children who’ve had a surfeit of happiness in their childhood emerge like stodgy puddings and fail to make a success of life。

　　中文

　　如今的父母太娇惯孩子了

　　关于如何对待孩子，没有人会以为维多利亚式态度辩护。但是，如果你那时为人父母，你至少知道自己所处的地位：对孩子们该用眼睛看着，而不是用耳朵听着。是弗洛伊德之流葬送了这一切，而且从此以后父母们就陷入一派迷茫之中。心理学家说孩子的幸福至关重要，那么孩子父母的幸福呢？当孩子们嬉戏追逐、把家里闹个底朝天的时候，父母们忍受着恐惧和负疚的折磨。想仿效前人狠狠地揍他一顿屁股是根本不可能了：现代的育儿指南决不会允许这种野蛮行径。麻烦的是，你甚至连大声嚷嚷都不可以。谁知道你嚷一句会给孩子的心灵造成多么深刻的创伤？可怜的孩子恐怕一辈子都不能从这种可怕的精神创伤中恢复过来哩！结果，父母们只得拼命避免给孩子造成这样或那样的“情结“——100年前人们闻所未闻的东西。孩子们诚然需要爱，需要许多爱，但是现代父母过度的娇惯肯定是弊多利少的。

　　心理学家已经成功地打击了父母对自己权威的自信心。对此，用不了多久孩子们也就心中有数了。除了那些非凡的现代育儿经典，报章杂志上也充斥了类似的文章。有这些不请自来的建议满天飞舞，父母们简直不知道该做什么好了——到头来他们什么也没做。这样，孩子们自幼便大权在握，父母的生活则完全围绕着子女的需要转。当这些小宝贝长成少男少女的时候，他们更是当家做主了。由于父母多年来威望不高，作为青少年的这些孩子的反叛就愈加激烈了。例如，当年轻人要举行派对的时候，就会将他们的父母请出家门。他们在场只会败坏大家的玩兴。可怜的父母除了乖乖地听命还能做什么？

　　小孩子是一种强壮的动物(远比心理学家告诉我们的要强壮)。在现代家庭，过分娇惯孩子已经成为一种普通现象，只是大多数孩子居然能够克服它的不良影响。但是，也有相当多的一部分人未能幸免。当今时代，青少年犯罪的日益猖獗在相当大的程度上是由于父母管教不力所致。母亲相信小约尼自会照料自己，因此在他放学回家的时候她出去了。于是小约尼就在街头闲逛。其实，娇惯和疏于管教之间的界限是很微妙的。

　　心理学家还应当为许多别的事情负责。他们应当闭上嘴，把管教孩子的事交给父母来做。如果在这个过程中，他们对孩子们稍微粗暴了一点，那也没什么大不了的。至少，这有助于他们积极培养他们自己的观点，并且给他们提供了一些确定的事情让他们作出反应。有人认为，如果孩子们在童年时代过于幸福，长大以后就会像味浓的布丁一样，不会创造出成功的人生。此话或许不无道理。