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目 录
第一步 应对策略
第二步 结构科学 内容充实
第三步 实战写作
第四步 应用文
第五步 补充部分
第一篇 应对策略
1.1应对对策
1.考研写作应对对策Ⅰ：语言
(1)词汇
常用词：think→argue/maintain/hold/believe/assume,或介词短语for my part/as for me/to the best of my knowledge/understanding,the way I see It ;
Important→crucial/vital/essential/imperative/critical/necessary;show→indicate/demlmstrate-reveal-unfold;many→a great number of (可数)/a tremendous amount of(不可数)。
连接词：例举多项：for one thing,…for another,…still another,…at last;to begin with…moreover/what is more…last but not least,举例一项时：sth.provides us with a good illustration.a case in point,as a proof,as an example,for example,for instance,in particular,such as(不可用在句首)
(2)句型
(2008团队精神19分)it is teanwork that makes it possible for them to go anywhere they want
To。(强调句、形式宾语)
(同上)
It has been universally acknowledged that the ability of teamwork is the most essential
Qualification that anyone who wants to achieve success should possess. (形式主语、定语从句)
(2006偶像崇拜19分)some,like the young man in the photo,express their enthusiasm by writing his name on their faces,while others,like the one in the hair studio.spend as much as 300 yuan for a hair style modeling on that of beckham。(连接词，对仗结构)
(2005敬老养老18分)those who tried every means to avoid their duty of looking after their 。
Elders should bear in mind that they are much indebted to their parents for their birth and growth。(定语从句，宾语从句)
(同上)this picture reveals a not-uncommon phenomenon of how elders are treated by their grow-up children in some of the families in china 。(双重否定表肯定、被动表达)
(2003温室花朵17分)the real implication of the anthor is that everyone has to meet difficulties in their life experience,so we have to make adequate preparations for them。(名词替代动词，系表结构)
(题目同上12分)this time,the flower can not stand in the heave rain。(不用缩写表示正式)
(题目同上12分)we can not imagine a society full of adults having the ahility like seven –year-old children。(it is beyond imagination that…)(名词代替动词，缩写问题)
(题目同上10分)looking at it carefully ,the flower is protected from the rain outside the warm house。(垂悬结构，主被动分清)
(题目同上6分)there are two picture ,one is said that a flower can not be hurt by rain and wind,
She grows wonderful。(多一个谓语存在混乱—并列或降级)
(2004终点又是新起点16分)the market economy and competitive society drives many people to study hard for higher academic degrees。(主谓一致)
(2002文化交流4分)a beautiful american girl is wearing chinese clothes is smiling to us。(汉语思维的影响，主语从句)
2、考研写作应对对策Ⅱ：结构
(1)审题阶段
(2)各段充实
3、考研写作应对对策Ⅲ
(1)有话可说
(2)不离正题
第二篇 结构科学 内容充实
2.1 考研写作应对对策Ⅱ：结构——注意逻辑
2.2 三段分别覆盖情况：
首段三种：图画描述、现象描述、寓意象征(可以在第二段)
中心段三种：原因分析、利弊分析、举例说明
尾段三种：判断评论&问题建议、个人选择、现实运用
2.3 详细解析
2.3.1 图画描述
四句：第一句对画面的简单概括，第二三句描写画面内容，最后一句点明中心，即象征或寓意(这句也可以放在第二段第一句：承上启下)
图画描述段的首尾句常用有：
(1)
A：一幅图首句：
※This is an interesting and thought-provoking picture。(extraordinary /meaningful)
※ As is shown in the picture, (depicted/conveyed/drawn/illustrated)
※ The picture shocks us beyond description。(reveals only the tip of an ugly iceberg。用于反面意义图画)
B:一幅图尾句
※ The meaning conveyed by the picture is clear but profound:揭示中心(drawing/photo)
※ It is obvious that…揭示中心
※ Obviously… 揭示中心
(2)
A：两幅图首句
※ The two pictures are interesting and thought-provoking。(extraordinary/meaningful)
※ As is shown in the first picture. 第一幅图描述 whereas the second picture depicts…第二幅图描述(depicted/conveyed/drawn)
※ As depicted in the pictures…第一幅图描述 and 第二幅图描述
※ As we can see from the first picture…第一幅描述，in the second picture,however…第二幅图描述
※ The two pictures reveal a not uncommon phenomenon that…总结画面图像
B：两幅图尾句
※ Comparing the two pictures,we can conclude that…揭示中心
※ The meaning conveyed by the pictures is clear but profound:揭示中心(drawing/photo)
※ It is obvious that…揭示中心
※ Obviously…揭示中心
※ It is not difficult to conclude the symbolic meaning of the pictures…揭示中心
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2.3.2 现象简介
四句：第一句是对相关现状的概括介绍，第二三句进一步细节介绍，最后一句点明主题，可能带来的后果。
现象简介段常用首尾句：
A：首句(开门见山说现象)
It is really common that .。。介绍现象(有图说图，没图说事)
It is not uncommon that.。。介绍现象(有图说图，没图说事)
The drawing reflects the common phenomenon of…名词性现象描述
Recently，there has been a growing concern among the public over the issue/phenomenon that…介绍现象(有图说图，没图说事)(Today/Nowadays)
Lately，the discussion of…(现象)has aroused nationwide attention among the public。
B；尾句
The meaning conveyed by the phenomenon is clear but profound ：揭示中心…(revealed/implied)
The profound implication of the phenomenon is that…揭示中心
Therefore，it is obvious that…揭示中心
Obviously…揭示中心
2.3.3 寓意象征
四句：第一句对画面的简要评价，第二三句对画面简单描述，第四句得出结论，揭示主题。
如果出现在第二段就在第二三句进行拓展。
寓意象征段常用首尾句
A：首句
As can be seen form the picture，the drawer tells us that…说出画面的寓意(cartoon/photo)
What the picture illustrates is a profound topic in our daily life which often causes our concern…说出画面的寓意
It is not a difficult job for us to make clear the meaning of the picture…说出寓意
B；尾句
Therefore，…说出深层寓意(广泛的)
The majority of people would agree that…你的结论。
2.3.4 原因分析
四到六句：第一句阐述中心说明有多种原因，第二三句列举原因(并列的原因，注意连接)，第四局本段结论(强调已列举的原因及产生的结果——过渡作用)。
原因分析段框架示例：
There are a variety of reasons for the phenomenon. For one thing…举一个原因。For
Another,…另一个原因。(as a result,…结论。)
Why does this phenomenon appear?I think there are several possible reasons for this。
First and formost,…举一个原因：furthermore,…另一个原因：last but not least,…最
后一个原因。
其他首句还有：
I have three reason for my conclusion//predicition/assumption。
To the best of my knowledge，the following reasons may contribute to this phenomenon。
As far as I am concerned，several reasons can be identified。
其他列举原因还可用：
The main reson for the phenomenon is that…举一个最重要典型的原因：another major reason is due to…另一个原因(注意用名词性短语结构)
In the first place，…Secondly，…Finally，…
The first reason is…,and the second one is…
Not only because…，but also because…
2.3.5 利弊分析
一定有利有弊
六句：第一句总结说有利有弊(一定不要用Every coin has two sides。俗！)：第二三句写优势以及拓展推导：第四五句写劣势以及拓展推导：第六句写利弊相当或利大于弊或弊大于利。
利弊分析段框架示例
We can easily recognize the both sides of the phenomenon.The advantages can be concluded as follows.To begin with，…第一个优势：moreover，…第二个优势：However，there are also
drawbacks to the phenomenon.For one thing,…第一个劣势：for another，…第二个劣势。
It is not a difficult job to be aware of the attractions and the shortcomings of the phenomenon。
On the one hand，…列举优点。On the other hand，…列举缺点。
其他可用的过渡方式：
For all the advantages mentioned above，…讨论主题 is by to no means without any limitations，as listed below.For one thing，…劣势一，for another，劣势二。
For my part，I maintain that the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。
In spite of the situation of…讨论主题，its weaknesses are insignificant compared with its
Strengths。
2.3.6 举例说明
注意切题(油灯)
六句：第一句说明中心与现实的关系，即寓意和例子的关系(过渡)【中心思想和生活的紧密联系】。第二三句一个例子及其相关拓展(例子和其后果)，第四五句又一个例子及其相关扩展，第六句给出本段结论(说明已举例和中心的关系)【***本段第一句和最后一句要相互呼应】
举例说明段框架示例：
As an example of 主题，.。。说出事例。另一事例 also provides us with a good illustration.Obviously，…结论。
It is not hard to find proper examples in our daily life .Firstly,……举例。Besides, ,……再举一例。Therefore，the phenomenon has been so common that we have to take actions to shift the situation。(最后一句用于尾段是提建议时)
When it comes to the phenomenon,……一个例子must be concemed here.It also comes to me that……另一事例。
Take …as an example。
2.3.7判断评论
容易操作，说出自己的看法。好的现象要发扬光大，不好的现象给出改进建议。
三句：第一句给出承上启下的总结(中心强调)，第二句自己观点(注意观点一定要与前面提到的一致，不要再提出任何新的观点或看法)，第三句强调自己观点的合理性(only倒装句的使用)。
判断评论段的首句选择：
To the best of my undertanding，it is advisable that we take a rational attitude towards this issue。(positive、dialectical)
For my part ，I believe that ……说自己看法。
It goes without saying that ……说上文结论。My point of view is that……说自己观点。
2.3.8问题建议
相关人士应该做的事。
三句(尾段)：第一句点明存在的问题，第二句给出建议及带来的好的结果，第三段给出本段结论(对自己的解决方案的评价：用only倒装句显示其价值和强调)。
问题建议段框架示例：
For my part，it is imperative for us to take drastic measures。For one thing，……建议一。For another，……建议二。Only in this way can way……建议实施后的结果。
Indeed，上面提到的结论。As far as I am concerned，we should work out concrete solution to problem of ……问题或现状。For instance，建议。Only by doing this can way……建议实施后的结果。
In order to …目标，there are some suggestions available。In the first place ，…建议一。Moreover …建议一。Only in this way can way……建议实施后的结果。
Accordingly ，it is the high time that we placed great emphasis on this phenomenon。(一定用过去时)。
2.3.9个人选择
三句：第一句点明自己选择，第二句说明选择原因，第三句声明其优势作总结。
切忌在观点上摇晃，如果需要偏向某一观点就一贯坚持本观点：如果是两观点对比就不要显示偏向；如果是两观点选其一就在选择后不再动摇。
个人选择常用首句：
In my opinion …自己的选择is my favor。
As for me，I prefer…选择的to…未选的。
All in all ，I would say that …选择的get my approval。
2.3.10现实运用
通过寄予希望，号召做结尾。
三句：第一句点明其价值，第二句列举其运用或现实中启示，第三句给出运用后的预期效果(展望、号召、希望)。
现实运用常用首句：
Indeed，there is a widespread concern over …说现实。
As the public awareness of … 现实 heightens,people will try hard to change the situation。
Now an increasing number of people come to realize that…说实话。
常用表示展望的句型：
Only by doing this a harmonious relationship will not be contrary to our expectations。(用在描述两者关系时)
We should be confident in our expectation of a bright future in this area。(用在期待某事有所改善时)
A better situation is not going to be far from us。
2.4考研写作最实用论证方法总结：
因果式：图画描述-----原因分析-----解决建议
例证式：现象描述-----举例说明-----判断评论
类比式/对比式：描述-----利弊分析-----判断评论
第三篇 实战写作
3.1考研写作科学的写作过程：
1.审题
2.列提纲
3.开始写作
4.检查
第四篇 应用文
满分策略：
4.1信函写作：个人书信&事务公函
语域使用：正式—使用礼貌表达，不用缩略语(对公)
半正式—可以使用缩略和口语表达(对私)
非正式(一般不考)——It depends
组成部分：称呼、正文、落款
4.1.1格式：称呼、落款、正文
4.1.2内容
三段(8句)：写作目的段、细化段、感谢或者期待。
4.1.3各种信函内容安排
建议信：2007年及2009年PartA真题及解析：
基本结构和常用句型：
Dear…
自我介绍，赞扬在先，仍需改进，提出建议。
建议细节
期望改进，表示感谢。
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
与投诉信比较：仍然以提建议为主：无需赞扬，直接表明写信目的—即提建议：最后无需感谢，只需表示期待改进。
常用句型：
I am writing with my suggestion about…。。
I would like to suggest that…
I hope you will find these suggestions helpful
I would like to extend my appreciation if you are so kind as to take my suggestions into consideration
We would like to draw your attention to something you have obviously failed to notice(投诉信)
I am writing to express my concern|dissatisfaction|disappointment about…(投诉信)
To improve the situation ,it is advisable for you to take the following measures(投诉信)
We trust that you will now consider this matter seriously and make an effort to prevent the recurrence of this kind (投诉信)
致歉信：2008PartA真题及解析
基本结构和常用句型：
Dear…
表明写信目的：道歉
阐述道歉原因，并提出解决方法。
再次道歉。
常用句型：
I am writing to apologize to you for my failing to …
Here is my deepest apology for 。。
I would like to express my apologies for not being able to…
I am writing to you with some embarrassment and many apologies。
Excuse me for my carelessness in making such a mess
I am really sorry for the trouble.Would you mind if I ….?
Would it be convenient for you …?
To make up for the inconvenience caused,I would like to 。。
Once again ,I am sorry for any inconvenience caused。
申请信：2006年PartA 真题及解析(申请信&请求信)
基本结构和常用句型：
Dear…
告知信息来源及写信目的
突出重点的自我介绍，
附简历
表示感谢。
Yours sincerely ,
Li Ming
常用句型：
I learnt from the newspaper that you are wanting an accountant and I would like to apply for the job
Sb, suggested me to write to you about the medical physicist position at ABC Med-Instrument Corporation
Enclosed is my resume to provide additional information about my undergraduate work。
I would appreciate the opportunity to meet with you to discuss further how my qualifications meet the needs of your organization。
Thank you for your time and consideration。
辞职信：2005年PartA真题及解析(辞职信)：
基本结构和常用句型：
Dear…,
写信目的表明要辞职。
给出辞职原因。
感谢栽培并表示抱歉。
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
常用句型：
I am sorry to tell you that I decided to quit the job of being a …职业。
I am writing to inform you of my decision: I am going to quit my present job。
Please accept my apology。
I have been trying in vain to convince myself that the job is interesting。
I highly appreciate the invaluable experience and happy days working here。
Thank you for your patience , understanding , and trust。
询问信：考研英语大纲样题应用文部分(询问信)：
基本结构和常用句型：
Dear …,
自我介绍，表明写信母的是咨询某事。
询问细节。
感谢及相关信息。
Your sincerely
Li Ming
常用句型：
27.I am writing this letter to inquire about …
28.I want to/would like to know …
29.I wonder if …
30.Would it be possible for you to …?
31.How should I pay for these books ?—by cash or by other means ?
32.Finally , if I order these books now, when can I get them ? How will these books be delivered to my house?
33.I should be grateful if you could give me an early reply。
邀请信：
基本结构：
Dear…,
发出邀请。
为何邀请细节。
期望参加。
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
常用句型：
We are having a farewell party/a gather together/meeting/seminar in (place) on (date) at (time). Would you like to come?(不太正式)
It is my honor to inform you that there is an academic meeting in (place) on (date) at (time)。(正式)
We would be too glad to invite you as an expert to our school for the inquiry of studying abroad。
If you have no other plans for this weekend night, will you do us a favor of going to our party?
接收邀请与谢绝邀请的表达法：都要表示感谢。
Accept the invitation:
Success is the last persistence at the toughest moment。成功是最艰难时刻的坚持。
Thank you very much for your invitation。
It’s our great pleasure to accept your invita
tion。
Nothing would give us greater pleasure than accepting your kind invitation。
Refuse the invitation:
Thank you so much for your invitation , but I have had plans at the time. If you don’t mind, let’s make an appointment next time when you are available。
I regret that I can’t make it because of a sudden illness/full schedule/business trip。
范文解析：
Dear Professor Wang,
It is my honor to inform you that there is a “Culture Festival” held in mu school. Would you like to give us an excellent lecture on Phychology in the auditorium of our campus on sept. 13th at 6:30 P.M.?
Since phychology has caused more and more concerns among the students, and you are an expert in the area, we all expect your acceptance and your wonderful lecture。
I very much hope than you will be able to attend and give us a talk in your branch. If you have any question. Please contact me。
Look forward to hearing your lecture。
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
感谢信：
基本结构
Dear…,
表示感谢。
感谢缘由及内心感受。
再次感谢，寄予希望。
常用句型：
I sincerely appreciate your kindness and generosity。
Thank you ever much for the latest information。
Please accept out sincerest thanks for what you have done for us. (heartfelt gratitude)
I don’t know how to thank you for such generous behavior. It is something that I will cherish for a long time to come。
I am now writing to express my great appreciation for the timely help you offered。
It was considerate of you to do me a great favor。
I wish there were a better word than “thanks” to express my appreciation。
Many thanks again for your generous hospitality。
Words fail me when I want to express my gratitude to you。
范文解析：
Dear Jim,
I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude. I am referring to that unfortunate accident the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi。
If it had not been for your timely assistance in giving me first aid, I fear that the Consequences might have been much more serious. Everynoe agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome。。
Although nowdays people in mounting numbers talk about the need to be unselfish, we see very few people practice what they preach. If there were more people like you, this world would be a much nicer place。
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
祝贺信：
基本结构：
Dear….,
表示祝贺，为之高兴。
祝贺缘由，劳有所获。
寄予期望，取得更大成就。
再次祝贺。
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
常用句型：
Congratulations to you no getting the scholarship。
I am just as proud as you can be of you and send my sincerest congratulations no your achievement/success/graduation。
What wonderful news!I know how happy you must be at the news of your promotion/election。
Please accept my heartiest congratulations on your graduation/getting such a good job。
I am looking forward to hearing more good news in your studies and research work。
范文解析：
Dear Mr.Smith,
I was very happy to learn that you have been elected President of the Seotland-China Associatioin and Iwould like, on behalf of the Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries and in my own name,to express to you our warmest congratulations。
I hope that during your tenore of office the relations of friendship and cooperation that already exist between our two organizations will be further developed. Let us join our efforts to make greater contributions to the promotion of mutual understanding and friendship between the people’s of China and Scotland。
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
慰问信：
基本结构：
Dear…,
表示同情，
进行安慰，
鼓励其努力，
在此表示同情，并希望其早日复原。
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
常用句型：
I just can not tell you how sorry I was to learn of your unhappy experience/injury/accident/divorce。
I felt very sorry indeed when I was informed of your sickness。
I wish there were something I could say or do to ease your sense of loss/to soften your grief。
I know there were no words that can be a comfort to you now。
I hope that you will soon be completely restored to health/get well again。
Please don’t hesitate to call on me if there is anything I can do now and always。
范文解析：
Dear Li Gang,
I was really shocked andsaddened to hear of your unhappy experience in the earthquake。
There is little that anyone can say or do at a time like this to ease your grief, but I would express my deepest sympathy。
In the next day or so you will receive a little package from me. I hope you like it, and that it will be useful ai your present moment.What’s more, please don’t hesitate to contact me if there is anything else I can do now and always。
I do hope you will soon get well again and be able to come back to school. Be assured of my availability and eagerness to help in any way I can。
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
4.2 备忘录/告示类应用文写作(Memorandum/Notice)
基本结构：
TO:
FROM:
SUBJECT:
DATE:(month day,year)
正文
签名
模拟题及范文：
Directions:
You are an active member of the student newspaper. The newspaper is currently looking for journalists for the summer semester. Write a memo that will appear in the newspaper next week describing the position available。
Date: August 10,2005
To: All students
From: Li Ming
4.3 摘要写作(Abstract)
This article focuses on the …。
This thesis discuss/analyzes…。
This paper provides an overview of …
This paper presents up-to-date information on …
1、简单概括
2、描写画面内容，两句话描写一幅图。
3、点明中心：重点又是新起点。
This is a very interesting and though-provoking picture.1 as is vividly depicted in the picture ,the goal keeper thought he was too small for the gate and was afraid that he could not keep the ball from entering the gate. But what the player, who was ready to shoot, thought about the goal keeper could not help us thinking the truth of the picture it conveys. In his eyes, the goal keeper was so strong that he had almost covered the whole gate. And little did he have the chance to win.2 obviously, the two players looked at the same thing in a different angle.3 (in different angles)
简单概括
描写画面内容，每幅图分开描述，并递进关系。
点明中心，从不同视角看待同一问题。
2. 现象简介
Today , advertisements is mounting numbers are appearing on the TV screen . 1 they are not only shown before and after all kinds of programs ---- news, weather forecasts and quiz shows, etc. ---- but even interrupt dramas and movies ,2 and annoy the viewers.3
1、概括介绍
2、细节介绍：怎么个多法儿---是节目前后和中间都有
3、带来的后果就是激怒观众。
3.寓意象征
What a vivid and accrate picture it is when describing the meaning of love in the dark. 1 As is shown in the picture ,the love is just like the light in the picture ,which seems insignificant in the sun ,but it certainly shines brighter in the dark.2 in other words ,the darker the place is ,the more precious the light will be.3 love is somewhat the same. It surely means much moer to the man who is in great difficulty than to the one who is in comforts.4
简要评价
对画面的简单描述。(结合love对画面进行分析)
寓意说明，符合题目要求
结论：灯光在越微弱的地方越明亮，爱心在越需要的地方越有价值
Species’extinction in America. Facing the figures, we can only admit that America’s population growth has had undesirable effect on its wildlife and will still pose a formidable threat to its wildlife resources if sufficient care is not given.3
※1、总括介绍了图画内容(运用对比，强调后者)
※2、特别好的过渡方式：不是描述胜过描述
※3、结论：如果不足以重视，结果不堪设想
4、原因分析
(As far as I am concerned, there are several reasons accounting for the phenomenon。)1 First and foremost, the reasons for this phenomenon are that TV is the most efficient and rapid way of dissemination(传播)information.2 As China develops its highly competitive market economy, manufacturers and sales people(salespersons)need to inform the general public of the latest commodities that are available.3 Furthermore, TV stations use the money that they earn from showing the advertisements to produce more programs. Last but not least, it is necessary to keep consumers informed of the range of (the)products that they may choose from。(原文的过渡出现在下一段)
※1、阐述中心，或者引导本段。
※2、例举原因
※3、对已经提出原因的拓展
However, the tobacco consumption is experiencing a decrease, 1 According to the given figures, the tobacco production in 1994 was 14.364 billion pounds while in 1995 it reduced to 14.2 billion pounds. This is mainly because 2 more and more people have become aware of the harm of smoking to human brings.Many of them resist the addiction to tobacco and advise people around not to smoke. Furthermore, governments of many countries realizing the serious effects of tobacco have taken effective measures to call on people to give up smoking. So I believe a healthy tomorrow of less tobacco will be achieved through efforts of every person.3
※1、阐述中心
※2、列举原因，this 作过渡词
※3、如果减少吸烟人群，可能产生的结果(注意命题的积极倾向，展望未来式很合命题者口味)
5、利弊分析
In the country, on the other hand, one can enjoy the advantages of fresh air and food, and a more relaxed(relaxing)life style. Housing is usually spacious and inexpensive in the country. I and, as for recreation, what could be more relaxing than a stroll down a country lane amid beautiful scenery? 2 However, there are disadvantages of living in either the city or the country.3 City air tends to be polluted, and the streets are always crowded and noisy. In the country, on the other hand, the lack of stimulating activities can make a person feel bored and isolated.4
※1、列举乡村居住的优势
※2、对优势的拓展说明
※3、过渡说明：劣势开始
※4、列举无论城乡居住皆有劣势
6、举例说明
It seems reasonable when people laugh at the cartoon, but it would no longer be laughable when people find similar things taking place in our daily life.1 Recently there is a trend of making promises in various fields of our society. From departments of government to common shopping centers, many businesses who supple products of offer services have made various promises to their customers or service receivers.2 They assert their products to be of good quality or promise to offer excellent service.3 As a matter of fact, many of these businesses claim in the same way that(比较)the hen in the above cartoon promises to lay eggs.4
※1、过渡：第一段说到可笑，下面就谈不可笑——连接
※2、例子：商场、政府的承诺行为
※3、拓展：深化承诺行为的细节
※4、结论：同母鸡下蛋的承诺一样虚无没有价值
※表示性质，代替adj.=of +n。(小作文高分必杀)
e.g. helpful=of any help assistant=of any assistance good=of any good harmful=of any harm
The following examples will support this point.1 In schools, a unit-exam not only declares the end of the former unit, but also acts as a reminder of the preview work for the next unit. In the business field, what a CEO needs to do at the end of a year is more than review and summarize (review and summarizing). It is the time to formulate and effective and efficient development plan for next year.2 Just turn back to the sports ground。(句号结束)although in front of the end there isn’t a real start---arrowhead, there surely exists an invisible one sprouting(appearing)in every athlete’s mind, blooming(being)the training strategy of the preparation for next competition.3
※1、承上启下
※2、举例论证
※3、举例的同时说明结论：终点又是新起点，正是这种心态成为下次比赛成功的技巧或策略。
7、判断评论
It is clear that promise is what you claim you can do or you will do, not what you really are or you are expected to be.1 Generally speaking, it is good and sometimes necessary to make commitment to people, but promising what you must or should do can be considered a kind of cheating.2 What the cartoon really aims at is not the funny picture itself but to criticize this popular phenomenon existing in our society.3
※1、既点名了本段主题：谈承诺，又是一个定义，起承上启下作用。
※2、自己的建议。
※3、再次强调“承诺”这一社会现象。
8、问题建议
Child education has become one of the most popular topics discussed not only by educational experts, but also by people in all walks(职业、行业) of life.1 The failure of child education does more harm to the development of our society and our civilization than to the children themselves. Thus, it’s high time that parents, educators and the government made concerted(共同努力的，同心协力的，conert得来)efforts to put an end to this situation.2(家长，老师和政府应该怎么做)
※1、引出本段主题，儿童教育的现状，用婉转的方式表达。
※2、本段结论：三方行动
In our life, what we need most is self-insurance and a proper view of challenges before us. 1 Therefore, we should bear in mind that our competitors may not be as terrible(frightening)as expected, and our painstaking efforts will pay off as long as we arm ourselves with courage and confidence.2 Only in this way can we overcome any difficulties and challenges.3
※1、从自己角度提出意见
※2、具体行动的方法
※3、only 表示强调，以及建议的价值。
9、个人选择
All in all, I would say that living in the city is best(better)，1 for the convenience the city offers in terms of education and work(job opportunities)；2 after all, one can always spend vacations in the country---and get the best of both.3
※1、选择结果
※2、选择原因
※3、总结
As for me, I have always led a regular life.1 By everyday exercises, I build up a strong body,2 and by reading intensively I learn to acquire a proper attitude toward life.3
※1、个人选择或实践
※2、选择带来的好的后果
※3、拓展
10、现实运用
As we all know, children are the future of our country, Their healthy growth has therefore become a serious concern among many people.1 It should be made clear that too much care is not love. The real love and care for them are to prepare them for the future. When faced with difficulties, they can summon up the courage and exert their strength to overcome the difficulties. When faced with fierce competition, they can employ their knowledge, skills and experience to confront with their rival.2 This is the younger generation we can expect.3
※1、价值体现：孩子关乎祖国的未来。
※2、启示：重要的原因
※3、寄予希望
2007年范文写作
首段：图画描述：
This is a series of interesting and thought-provoking pictures. A goalkeeper, who is trying hard to keep the ball from the goal, sees himself as a dwarf. What’s funnier is that the football-player, preparing to kick the ball, regards the goalkeeper as huge as the goal. The meaning conveyed by the picture is clear but profound. Both of them lack courage and confidence in front of challenges。
中间段：寓意象征+举例说明
The majority of people would agree that everyone may feel challenged when a powerful rival appears in his/her mind. What divides them into successes and losers is their attitude towards confidence。(We can easily find the equivalent of the topic discussed here in our surroundings。)We, undergraduates girding ourselves for the NETEM(the Examination for postgraduate candidates)，provide a good illustration. Some of us feel depressed when thinking that they are not able to prepare well, so they even give up the chance of participating in the examination. In fact, the exam is not as difficult as they suppose, and a little more courage and confidence will motivate them to achieve the final successs。
尾段：建议+展望
Accordingly, it is the time that we placed great emphasis on building up our confidence. What we should bear in mind is that no one can overcome difficulties without confidence。(In other words, We should be honest about the challenges we face。) only in this wa we can se a right goal. challenge it ,and achieve it。
Tips:
1.稳重下体的部分是精彩的语言，即文章的高分点，希望同学们学习。
2.文中有下划线的部分是范文的错误，希望大家思考，然后改正，避免自己在写作时犯这样的错误。
3.再次强调，希望大家不要背范文，学习精彩的句式表达，背会，通过多练习掌握这些句型。
小作文范文及解析
2007年Part A 真题及解析(投诉信&建议信)：
Directions:
Write a letter to your university library ,making suggestions for improveing its service. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the den of the letter. Ues “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address。
To Whom It May Concern,
I am a student in this university who regularly comes to the library to spend ma spare time. Generally speaking ,the services you offer here are quite good; however ,I have some suggestions for you to adopt. And I would like to extend my greatest appreciation if you are so kind as to take my suggestions into consideration。
To begin with ,will you please prolong the time for reading? In the daytime, most of the students are having classes, so they can’t come to the library. Moreover ,some of the books on shelves are out of date. If you are so kind as to provide us some books such as the latest magazines ,we will be very pleased。
I really wish to have a more comfortable library. Thank you for your time and consideration。
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
2008 Part A 真题及解析(致歉信)：
Directions:
You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob ,your landlord there. Write him a letter to
make an apology, and
suggest a solution。
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the den of the letter. Ues “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address。
解析
Dear Bob,
I am writing to express my apology to you。
Several days ago，I borrowed your music CD when I lived in your house. Unfortunately，after I came back from Canada，I found it in my luggage. Was in such an hurry that I forgot to return it to you .I will send it to you by post of expose as soon as possible. If necessary，I will compensate for any troubles it may cause。
Once again，I feel so sorry for any inconvenrence caused. Please accept my apologies。
Sincerely yours，
Li Ming
2006年Part A真题及解析(申请信&请求信)
Directions：
You want to contribute to project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned， asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan。
Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter， use“Li Ming”instead。
Do not write the address。(10points)
解析：
To Whom It May Concern，
I am writing this letter to you to ask if there is a child in need of financial sponsorship through the Hope Foundation。
I am willing to give financial aid to those children who have not had a chance to receive education in poverty-stricken area。 I would like to help two kinds of children：first，those who do not have a stable source which can cover their education fees，and second，those whose academic performance in school is excellent. I have decided to commit myself to save the necessary
financial aid required to accomplish my goal. I would also like to be kept informed as to the academic progress of each student every term。
I have not doubt(There is not doubt)that I meet the criteria required for a sponsor and look forward to hearing from you。
Thank you for your consideration。
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
推荐信：
Dear,
写作意图：简单介绍，自己与被推荐人关系，推荐他做什么。
推荐原因：被推荐人的相关工作经历或个性特点，应当突出与写信人的相关性。
感谢与期待。
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
解析：
Dear Sir，
It is with a great pleasure that I recommend to you Mr. Li Lei, an outstanding accountant, for working in your firm。
Mr. Li graduated from China Financial University in 1991, majoring in accountancy, After graduation,he came to our firm to be an accountant. In 1996 he obtained the certificate of a certified accountant ,and in 2001 he was promoted to the one of the chief accountants of our firm because of his excellent work。
In association with me,mr. li impressed me that he was a friendly and pleasant gentleman,devoted to his firm and profession .it is surely a huge loss for our firm that he has to leave us for some personal reasons。
I recommend mr. li without reservation and believe you will find him a real treasure very soon。。
Yours sincerely,
Li ming
2005年part a 真题及解析(辞职信)：
Directions:
Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine design and fashion .but now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, mr. wang,
Telling him your decision ,stating your reason(s)，and making an apology。
Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Wrte it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “li ming”instead. You do not need to write the adress。
解析：
Dear mr.wang,
I am writing this letter to apologize that I will quit the position as an editior for you are your magazine for the reason of myself。
Two months ago, I was accepted by the design and fashions,as a member of it . I was deeply impressed by the kindness,diligence of all staff members around me. But during the span of working here, I have come to realize that the job probably is not suitable for me because I want a more pesceful life ,such as a teacher. And you know that I am not an outgoing girl. I find that I am not able to devote all my efforts to a job which I do not reslly like。
So I am awfully sorry to tell you my decision to quit.please accept my apology。
Yours sincerely,
Li ming
2009年考研英语大纲样题应用文部分(询问信)
Directions：
You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books.Write a letter to
the sales department of bookstore to ask for：
detailed information about the books you want，
methods of payment，
time and way of delivery。
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end
Of the letter.Use“Li Ming”instead.You do not need to write the address。
解析：
Dear Sir/Madam，
As a student preparing for TOEFL in the coming May，I am writing to ask if you have
Appoches to TOEFL complied by professor Wamg Sming and published by University College
Press in 2006(注意次序)
If you have the book for sale，I’d like to mail order it.Pleasel let me know if I can pay for it.by money order or do you accept the credit card?
I’d appreciate it if you could send me the book at your earliest convenience by EMS to the following address:
Li Ming
Room 158, student dormitory no.8
West campus, Beijing university
Beijing ,100081
Sincerely yours
Li Ming
第五篇 补充部分
应用文— 摘要参考
To begin with, the purpose of the writer is to show us that (中心词一)is of grate significance, yet the though-provoking implications conveyed should be taken more carefully. Some driving factors that contribute to the above-mentioned issue may be summarized as follows. Above all, we may look into every possible reason except the leading cause, which is(分论点一)。In addition, as far as the author is concerned,(分论点二)is of utmost importance to both our society and ourselves. To sum up, by analyzing these factors illustrated in the essay, we may draw the conclusion that importance should be attached to (中心词二)
看图说话作文
第一段
第二段
(一)社会问题、社会现象=养老、追星、过度捕捞、母鸡
What the author illustrates in the cartoon reflects a hot topic which caused our concern: the problem of draws more and more attention from many quarters。
Naturally, it is not a coincidence. Several factors could account for it and the following are the most critical ones:
① 经济原因Any behavior has profound economic motivation and the same goes with n./n短语
② 公共意识The public fail to see the consequence of the problem conveyed by the picture above and let it go without taking any action。
③ 法律法规The relevant authorities fail to see the consequence of and did not make related laws and regulations in time to control it。
④ 家庭教育Not every parents is qualified for bringing up children successfully ,and thus their children
No other case can better illustrate this point(the severity of this problem) than the phenomenon describes in the above picture(s)。
(二)关于人生的抽象(信心、团结、不断进取、爱心) 有之如何，没有又如何
What the author illustrates in the cartoon reflects a hot topic which caused our concern: it is that play a vital role in ones entire life. Naturally, anyone who is in possession of is likely to overcome the obstacles which are inevitable if ones are proceeding forward and achieve successive successes. However, there are a great number of people lacking in . For them, it is tough to crack the hard nuts and deal with the challenges . And any minor barrier tend to be a factor that leads to their final failure . The above picture is a vivid reflection of what I have discussed。
(三)关于社会中具体事物利弊分析(网络、汽车)
What the author illustrates in the cartoon reflects a hot topic which caused our concern：the wide presence of has caused mixed result . It is not a difficult job to realize its advantages and disadvantages. However, in my opinion, its attractions outweigh its shortcomings , though no one can deny its disadvantages. To begin with, …… Furthermore, …… The phenomenon described in the above picture vividly reflects what we have discussed 。
第三段
(一)It is urgent for us to take measures to minimize and even eliminate its disadvantages. The current state of affairs may have been encouraged---though not justified---by the lack of legal penalty. It is a promising start to take legislative initiative make the behavior of… illegal 。
(二)According to the analysis above, it is urgent for us to take measures to maximize its advantages and minimize its disadvantages. Of the steps that we can take, to make the public realize its complex is of most importance, for, consciousness is the precondition of action. Only after being conscious, can we take concrete measures to make our aim come true。
祝同学们考试成功！
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