例证题

　　例证题概述

　　让事实说话是一种最有效的论证方式，命题组的专家们在设置题目时往往也会针对语篇中的事例设问，考查考生对语篇局部结构的理解。

　　阅读理解语篇基本上是议论文，说明文。而这类语篇一般都会用例子或事实来说明观点等话题。考生在阅读时对于for example, for instance, such as, as等引出的例子要特别注意，这里就可能是命题的出处。一般来说，例子之前或之后附近通常都有一句总结说明性的话，这句话就可能是答案，即被例证的对象。如果例子与整个语篇相关，即例证主题，答案一般为主题句。当例子与某些段落主题相关，则答案一般为段落主题句。

　　例证题常见的表达方式主要有：

　　1. The author uses the example of … to show that＿＿＿＿。

　　2. By citing the example of …, the author intends to show that＿＿＿＿。

　　3. The example of … is used to show ＿＿＿＿。

　　4. Which of the following is Not an example of …?

　　5. The example of potato chips is used to illustrate＿＿＿＿。

　　例题1

　　题目： Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[考查技能：对相关段落进行语义归纳和判断。] [命题原则：以点考面]

　　[A] To prove their popularity around the world。

　　[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants。

　　[C] To give examples of successful immigrants。

　　[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture。(2006--24题)

　　原文导读 Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power。”

　　Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment。

　　答案分析 本题难度较大，所以我们这里作一个比较详细的解释。［A］很容易排除，就不讲了。对于［B］选项只要抓住the public 就可以知道绝对不能选。注意原文some Americans fear that immigrants … , “some Americans”(一些美国人)能代表the public(公众)吗？ 显然不行，除非是Most Americans在阅读的替换中可以认为是the public, 命题者在这里是偷换概念，也就是错误替换！［C］ 作者在文章中提到的成功的人物一定是移民吗？尽管从广义上来说所有的美国人都是移民。有的考生说施瓦辛格是移民，但考研阅读不要求考生知道背景，对所有专业的考生是公平的，即使你没听说过他。另外，如果题目举这两个人的例子就是为了说明移民本身的成功，那就偏离了文章的主题，

　　大家应该都知道例子是为主题或者主题句服务的。本篇文章讨论的主题就是美国在吸收移民方面的成功，美国文化的同化能力很强，本文并不讨论移民个人的成功。请注意yet后面的内容：然而，一些美国人担心在美国的移民会不受美国强大的同化能力的影响(有免疫能力)。这句话的内涵是什么呢？前半句讲了即使美国之外的人也崇拜美国人，那么作者就说了，人们何必担心住在美国国内的移民不受到美国文化的影响呢？言下之意是美国文化在全世界包括美国都有强大的影响。［正确答案］[D]

　　例题2

　　题目Which of the following is Not an example of "coded signal" (Line 1, Paragraph 2)？

　　[A] Bees perform dances to convey that the food source is not far away from the hive。

　　[B] Parrots and mynas imitate human speech and whistle when kept in captivity。

　　[C] Huntsmen use horns to indicate the presence of a fox in a field or to call the hunting party together。

　　[D] Bats and dolphins use high frequency sounds for communication and navigation。

　　[原文导读] Songs can have a powerful effect on people. Play "Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves" to many baby boomers, for example, and chances are they'll run off, hands over their ears. Songs can have a powerful effect among birds, too. Consider the black-capped chickadee. When it sings its "chick-a-dee" song, its flock mates come running. The song is a warning that a hawk, owl or other predator is perched nearby, and the other chickadees arrive to harass the enemy until it leaves。

　　Researchers from the University of Montana have discovered that this warning call is a coded signal. By varying the call, a bird communicates to other birds the size of the predator, and thus the scope of the danger. "This is so far the most finely detailed alarm Call system that were found," said the lead researcher, Christopher N. Templeton, who is now a doctoral student at the University of Washington. The findings appear in the current issue of the journal Science。

　　[答案分析] 本题考查了考生对文中内容的理解和演绎推理的能力。coded signal出现在第二段首句，根据上下文鸟儿的例子可知，它指的是一种用来交流或预警的信号，信号内容应是隐藏的，信号方式一般是约定俗成的，不易被其他种类听懂。依次类推，只有[D]项说明的是动物的模仿能力，不属于暗号。［正确答案］[D]

　　例题3

　　题目 What does the example of New Jerscy  (Para. 4) illustrate?

　　[A] Schools in rich districts are usually choosy。

　　[B] Official sources are careful on the success of AC。

　　[C] New Jersey has more need for teachers than elsewhere。

　　[D] AC has turned out good teachers for schools。

　　原文导读 Are they good teachers? Officialdom is reluctant to release the details which might answer that question for certain. But anecdotal evidence suggests they do well. In New Jersey, which has been running this sort of programme since 1984, rich districts, which can afford to be choosy, consistently hire more AC teachers than poor districts do. In Houston, Texas, where the Teach of America programme (TFA) puts recent university graduates into poor communities as teachers, the most effective teachers are generally the TFA ones. "School principals are our biggest fans," Wendy Kopp, TFA's president, says proudly。

　　答案分析 第四段首句紧接上文提出了Are they(AC recruits)good teachers(他们是好教师吗？)的疑问。接着该段指出，官员不愿意透露能够说明问题的具体情况，但是真人真事却说明这些经过AC培训的教师能够胜任。紧接着就以新泽西的情况为例加以说明。因此本题答案为[D]项。[A]项是例子中的部分细节。[B]项是与例子无关的事实。[C]项文中未提。［正确答案］[D]