强调句
强调句在这里特指it is … that… 强调句,它可以强调一个句子中的主语宾语和状语等多种成分。下面我们就结合出现在历年高考阅读真题中的强调句来造句:
强调主语:
原句:It is social conditions that make people tell lies.
(1998年全国卷阅读理解文章原句)
仿写:It is zoo that should be moved out of the city。
强调时间状语:
原句:It was only after he had spent several nights digging around the cross
that he decided to write to Kit Williams to find out if he was
wasting his time there.
(2002年全国卷阅读理解文章原句)
仿写:It was in the year of 1906 that the zoo opened。
强调地点状语:
原句:It was there that he made one of his most famous discoveries.
(2002年春季卷阅读理解文章原句)
仿写:It is at home and abroad that the zoo, built in 1906, is well-known.
双重否定
双重否定是一种“负负得正”的常见句型,以否定的形式加否定的词语来表示无以复加的肯定概念。本来平直的叙述可以通过这种小巧的变化引起读者注意,增加表达效果。
原句:John and Jim are not unusual people. (1998年全国卷阅读理解文章原句)
仿写:Changing to a better place is not an unusual way of development.
原句:Decision-thinking is not unlike poker. (2000年全国卷阅读理解文章原句)
仿写:Beijing Zoo is not unlike other parks that could hardly stand
the increasing number of tourists.
原句:It wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s
marriage was in serious trouble. (2001年全国卷阅读理解文章原句)
改写:It was not unusual to hear a man back form the zoo complain
about the traffic jams on his way there.
任何一句正常的陈述句都可以通过改造变化为强调句或双重否定,也就是说固定句型的表达形式是和具体内容无关的。那我们在平时就不妨通过阅读积累这样的模版句,到考场上直接套用为文章锦上添花。
语法
语法是人们通过语言实践总结出来的遣词造句的规则,是我们在利用语言进行信息交流时所应遵循的模式。良好的语法功底对语言的学习和运用会产生巨大的促进作用,起到事半功倍的效果。通过阅读掌握的语法是在具体语篇中的语法,是鲜活生动的语法,是可以有效借鉴到写作环节中的语法。以虚拟语气为例,这种语法现象在高考语法单项选择题中的考查已经逐年淡化,但是在阅读中还是偶尔露峥嵘。如果我们通过阅读掌握了一两个虚拟语气的表达法,一旦灵活运用到写作当中,就会起到非常好的表达效果。在2001年全国卷阅读理解真题的文章中,曾经有这样一句:If this state of affairs had lasted, English today
would be close to German. 实质上无非说的是:“这种情况没有持续,今日的英语已经离德语很远了。”我们如果通过阅读掌握了这个句子背后的语言点——虚拟语气,不妨直接借鉴到书面表达的写作中来,进行仿写:
If the zoo had built out of the city form the beginning,
it would be far less famous.
如果当初动物园就建在城外的话,它也不会这么有名气了。(可用于2005年书面表达)
If the state had lasted, the school would be a less interesting place.
如果(减负之前的)情况持续的话,我们现在的学习生活也不会这么有趣。(可用于2001书面表达题)。
If Ah Fu had not saved her life, I would lose my little sister forever.
如果不是阿福救了她,我就会失去我的妹妹。(可用于2002书面表达题)
这些例子看上去很高级很复杂,其实不过是从2001年全国卷阅读理解文章中的那句“If this state of affairs had lasted, …”进行简单转化而来。如果同学们有意识进行积累,就可以通过简单的例子来掌握复杂的语法现象,并用于书面表达的写作中来。
结构
上文说过,英语是一门高度重视表达形式的形合语言,要求文字上有很强的逻辑性。而逻辑在语言上的体现就是结构和顺序。例如平行结构是英语中很常见的一种结构套路,两根主线平行发展,就像俗语说的“花开两朵,各表一枝”。2001年高考全国卷阅读理解的E篇是一篇关于男女友谊的文章,大量使用了平行结构,其中有一段涉及到对比对照的段落如下: “In general,” writes Rubin in her new book, “women’s friendships with each other rest on shared emotions and support, but men’s relationships are marked by shared activities” For the most part, Rubin says, interactions between men are emotionally controlled—a good fit with the social requirements of “manly behavior。”
如果我们加以模仿和改写,就可将其放进我们2005年公园是否搬迁那篇文章中:
In general, the advantages of the move to the suburb rest on a more agreeable environment, but the short points are marked by probably animal death during the very project. For the most part, to keep the zoo still in its location is emotionally welcomed—a good fit with the social requirements of “a zoo with a long history。”
或者放在2001年高考写作真题(学校减负前后的对比变化)的文章中 In general, the days before reducing the learning load rest on endless homework and attending classes at weekends as well, but my life today is marked by the fact that I can follow my own interests and plan my own time. For the most part, the new arrangement is emotionally
welcomed—a good fit with the social requirements of “good education。”
限于篇幅,也就不再多举例子了。不过即使以上这些内容,也很少考生能够运用自如。不是因为大家没有学过类似的相关知识。事实上,这些知识都没有超出高中教学大纲,在中学课本中也曾多次出现。问题是在写作的时候就会想不起来,想起来也不敢用,用了也不保证对。究其原因就在于这些语言点在输入时就没有留下深刻的印象从而熟练掌握。我们的作文,从题目到例子,从形式到内容多少都要和中国的国情有关。所以不少同学虽用英语写文章不过仍然受制于汉语思维和语言习惯,因此中式英语总是要顽强的表现出来。最简单的药方就是尽量使用在高考阅读理解和完形填空真题中读过的句子和说法,不主观臆造,做到每字每句都有来历,正所谓“读写不分家”。
其实很多优秀的作者都开始于模仿,在写作水平的初级阶段,仿写将会是一个行之有效的练习手段,就好比书法中的描红。如果有意识的重视阅读文章中出现的各种语言现象,我们就可以在真实的语境中掌握语言知识,培养语言技能,并将其灵活地运用到写作当中。词汇、句型、语法和结构的替换变化和灵活运用,都可以在阅读文章,尤其是历年阅读真题中找到大量真实生动的例子。因此,一定要在阅读,尤其是精读历年高考真题的过程中有意识的积累,一定要多读多写多模仿。只要我们不断在阅读中日积月累,细心汲取各种生动地道的表达,那么在表达的时候就会更加游刃有余,自由从容。才能实实在在地通过阅读提高写作,写出能得高分的好文章。
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